tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1304109239242445352024-03-18T21:31:13.637-07:00Anatomy of a StoryA look at developing a work in progressAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.comBlogger65125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-29547492340633455482015-06-15T23:22:00.002-07:002015-06-15T23:22:13.288-07:00Another Way to Build a Character <h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
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<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<a href="http://billspersonaljourney.blogspot.com/2015/06/another-way-to-build-character.html">Another Way to Build a Character</a>
</h3>
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Everyone of us approaches writing a little bit differently. What works
for one may not work for someone else. That is why this eFile tosses out
different ways to create characters. Whatever method we use, the
underlying element is to spend some time getting to know them. A lot of
the information generated won't be used directly, but will help
establish a basis for why the behave a certain way, or what they say,
and hopefully suggest plotting you might not have considered. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi91CDs2WfGuDgRCPC5k4F1aOIPqHZ1VcuXIib2DwLdK5pzmLqt1tWclnqBgqvtLZJPWJB119sGCqBd59UImOrAUrKMnkQQJriKlE_Ev-omYt8GlO5He_guoGf8HIassKkso4ShfVAnZhAq/s1600/plot-twist.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi91CDs2WfGuDgRCPC5k4F1aOIPqHZ1VcuXIib2DwLdK5pzmLqt1tWclnqBgqvtLZJPWJB119sGCqBd59UImOrAUrKMnkQQJriKlE_Ev-omYt8GlO5He_guoGf8HIassKkso4ShfVAnZhAq/s1600/plot-twist.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
A sheep in Alpaca clothing?</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Not sorry. Couldn't resist) </span></div>
<br />
Last week, while leaving Fresno, California to return to Northern Nevada
(as fast as possible. It was 104 deg. there and 87 deg. in Reno) the
radio was tuned to National Public Radio. The discussion was about
interviewing people to get their spin on events that occurred in their
life. Once home, I checked out the NPR link and found what could be a
valuable list of questions. Using some of these as jump-off points, do a
little role playing. Using a tape recorder or computer, ask a question,
and then answer it as if you were the character. As most of us are
certifiable or close to it, having a conversation with yourself should
seem pretty normal to those who know us.<br /></div>
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</div>
<div class="western">
</div>
<h2 align="LEFT" class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="anyone"></a><span style="color: #461900;">Great
questions for anyone</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Who has been the
most important person in your life? Can you tell me about him or
her?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What was the
happiest moment of your life? The saddest?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Who has been the
biggest influence on your life? What lessons did that person teach
you?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Who has been the
kindest to you in your life?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What are the most
important lessons you’ve learned in life?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What is your
earliest memory?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What is your
favorite memory of me?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Are there any
funny stories your family tells about you that come to mind?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Are there any
funny stories or memories or characters from your life that you want
to tell me about?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What are you
proudest of?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
When in life have
you felt most alone?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
If you could hold
on to one memory from your life forever, what would that be?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How has your life
been different than what you’d imagined?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How would you like
to be remembered?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you have any
regrets?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What does your
future hold?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What are your
hopes for what the future holds for me? For my children?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
If this was to be
our very last conversation, is there anything you’d want to say to
me
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
For your great
great grandchildren listening to this years from now: is there any
wisdom you’d want to pass on to them? What would you want them to
know?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Is there anything
that you’ve never told me but want to tell me now?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
Is there something about me that you’ve
always wanted to know but have never asked?
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="friends"></a><span style="color: #461900;">Friends
or Colleagues</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
If you could
interview anyone from your life living or dead, but not a celebrity,
who would it be and why?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What is your first
memory of me?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Was there a time
when you didn’t like me?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What makes us such
good friends?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How would you
describe me? How would you describe yourself?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Where will we be
in 10 years? 20 years?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you think we’ll
ever lose touch with each other?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
Is there anything that you’ve always wanted
to tell me but haven’t?
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="grandparents"></a><span style="color: #461900;">Grandparents</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Where did you grow
up?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What was your
childhood like?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Who were your
favorite relatives?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you remember
any of the stories they used to tell you?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How did you and
grandma/grandpa meet?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What was my
mom/dad like growing up?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you remember
any songs that you used to sing to her/him? Can you sing them now?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Was she/he
well-behaved?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What is the worst
thing she/he ever did?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What were your
parents like?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What were your
grandparents like?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How would you like
to be remembered?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
Are you proud of me?
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="raising-children"></a><span style="color: #461900;">Raising
children</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
When did you first
find out that you’d be a parent? How did you feel?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Can you describe
the moment when you saw your child for the first time?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How has being a
parent changed you?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What are your
dreams for your children?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you remember
when your last child left home for good?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
Do you have any favorite stories about your
kids?
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="parents"></a><span style="color: #461900;">Parents</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you remember
what was going through your head when you first saw me?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How did you choose
my name?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What was I like as
a baby? As a young child?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you remember
any of the songs you used to sing to me? Can you sing them now?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What were my
siblings like?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What were the
hardest moments you had when I was growing up?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
If you could do
everything again, would you raise me differently?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What advice would
you give me about raising my own kids?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What are your
dreams for me?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How did you meet
mom/dad?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
Are you proud of me?
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="growing-up"></a><span style="color: #461900;">Growing
up</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
When and where
were you born?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Where did you grow
up?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What was it like?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Who were your
parents?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What were your
parents like?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How was your
relationship with your parents?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Did you get into
trouble? What was the worst thing you did?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you have any
siblings? What were they like growing up?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What did you look
like?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How would you
describe yourself as a child? Were you happy?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What is your best
memory of childhood? Worst?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Did you have a
nickname? How’d you get it?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Who were your best
friends? What were they like?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How would you
describe a perfect day when you were young?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What did you think
your life would be like when you were older?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
Do you have any favorite stories from your
childhood?
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="school"></a><span style="color: #461900;">School</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Did you enjoy
school?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What kind of
student were you?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What would you do
for fun?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How would your
classmates remember you?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Are you still
friends with anyone from that time in your life?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What are your best
memories of grade school/high school/college/graduate school? Worst
memories?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Was there a
teacher or teachers who had a particularly strong influence on your
life? Tell me about them.
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
Do you have any favorite stories from school?
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="love"></a><span style="color: #461900;">Love &
Relationships</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you have a love
of your life?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
When did you first
fall in love?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Can you tell me
about your first kiss?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What was your
first serious relationship?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you believe in
love at first sight?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you ever think
about previous lovers?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
What lessons have you learned from your
relationships?
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="marriage"></a><span style="color: #461900;">Marriage
& Partnerships</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How did you meet
your husband/wife?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How did you know
he/she was “the one”?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How did you
propose?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What were the best
times? The most difficult times?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Did you ever think
of getting divorced?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Did you ever get
divorced? Can you tell me about it?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What advice do you
have for young couples?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
Do you have any favorite stories from your
marriage or about your husband/wife?
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="working"></a><span style="color: #461900;">Working</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What do you do for
a living?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Tell me about how
you got into your line of work.
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you like your
job?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What did you think
you were going to be when you grew up?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What did you want
to be when you grew up?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What lessons has
your work life taught you?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
If you could do
anything now, what would you do? Why?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you plan on
retiring? If so, when? How do you feel about it?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
Do you have any favorite stories from your
work life?
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="religion"></a><span style="color: #461900;">Religion</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Can you tell me
about your religious beliefs/spiritual beliefs? What is your
religion?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Have you
experienced any miracles?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What was the most
profound spiritual moment of your life?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you believe in
God?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you believe in
the after-life? What do you think it will be like?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
When you meet God, what do you want to say to
Him?
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="illness"></a><span style="color: #461900;">Serious
Illness</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Can you tell me
about your illness?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you think about
dying? Are you scared?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How do you imagine
your death?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you believe in
an after-life?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you regret
anything?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you look at
your life differently now than before you were diagnosed?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you have any
last wishes?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
If you were to
give advice to me or my children, or even children to come in our
family, what would it be?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What have you
learned from life? The most important things?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Has this illness
changed you? What have you learned?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
How do you want to be remembered?
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="heritage"></a><span style="color: #461900;">Family
heritage</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What is your
ethnic background?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Where is your
mom’s family from? Where is your dad’s family from?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Have you ever been
there? What was that experience like?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What traditions
have been passed down in your family?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Who were your
favorite relatives?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you remember
any of the stories they used to tell you?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
What are the classic family stories? Jokes?
Songs?
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="war"></a><span style="color: #461900;">War</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Were you in the
military?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Did you go to war?
What was it like?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How did war change
you?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
During your
service, can you recall times when you were afraid?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What are your
strongest memories from your time in the military?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
What lessons did you learn from this time in
your life?
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="remembering a loved one"></a><span style="color: #461900;">Remembering
a loved one</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What was your
relationship to _____?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Tell me about
_____.
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What is your first
memory of _____?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What is your best
memory of _____?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What is your most
vivid memory of _____?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What did _____
mean to you?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Are you
comfortable/ can you talk about _____’s death? How did _____ die?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What has been the
hardest thing about losing _____?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What would you ask
_____ if _____ were here today?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What do you miss
most about _____?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How do you think
_____ would want to be remembered?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Can you talk about
the biggest obstacles _____ overcame in life?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Was there anything
you and _____ disagreed about, fought over, or experienced some
conflict around?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What about _____
makes you smile?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What was your
relationship like?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What did _____
look like?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Did you have any
favorite jokes _____ used to tell?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you have any
stories you want to share about _____?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What were _____’s
hopes and dreams for the future?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Is there something
about _____ that you think no one else knows?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
How are you
different now than you were before you lost _____?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What is the image
of _____ that persists?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Do you have any
traditions to honor _____?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What has helped
you the most in your grief?
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western">
What are the hardest times?
</div>
</li>
</ul>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-65618460687485854992015-05-17T21:21:00.000-07:002015-05-17T21:21:37.588-07:00Culture in Your Characters
<style type="text/css">P { margin-bottom: 0.08in; }A:link { }</style>
<br />
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Thanks
to modern technology I literally start and finish a typical 18-hour
day by reading the news on an android tablet, and when driving from
from one location to another, the car radio is usually tuned to
National Public Radio (NPR). Knowing
what's going on is important to a writer—for there may be
information useful in a scenario. (It's
also good to know if and when to duck for cover.)</span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHek-novz8T3BarSczfgp6i10kJ0fg9rvjZdNbdk-PWonWiXJtCXENmmAQZa-HAR0JKslxlo57n5Y9zXpDgaMoFHronsWEgR2BtDTkfT30LqY_l3nJrxc3i-XbI84KxC0ae6RLu-i_ges/s1600/culture.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHek-novz8T3BarSczfgp6i10kJ0fg9rvjZdNbdk-PWonWiXJtCXENmmAQZa-HAR0JKslxlo57n5Y9zXpDgaMoFHronsWEgR2BtDTkfT30LqY_l3nJrxc3i-XbI84KxC0ae6RLu-i_ges/s1600/culture.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">For
instance, when the verdict was released </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">concerning
the Boston bomber</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
NPR carried </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
comment from </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Eastern
Europe</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
that Americans did not understand Chechnya culture. That </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">struck
a chord. How much attention do we give to culture when creating our
characters? It certainly would have a bearing on their response</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
and actions.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">F</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">or
instance, in the United States, how people from the southeast think,
act, and talk (not the sound, but which and how words are used) is different than a
person from New York City or in my native Wyoming. On a larger scale,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">culture
is the</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
the sum total of behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular
social, ethnic, or age group, and transmitted from one generation to
another. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">My
paternal grandfather w</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">as</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
German, so will share </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
few</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
insights. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Some
of </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cultural</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
things to consider are:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4aKiXerIpLjGmIxj6kHDvvlB7dbv78yIIbJiXZQOwfKd2ouGPMAEBpaf5hhH_-zRJNkMgxOJLnoeaiE-HqvDdkd5jv96tjZGxsrkbDthioJw5o802wNATs9TnlVJUPN2985PX8HLqgg8/s1600/Cultural-Iceberg-opengecko_thumb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4aKiXerIpLjGmIxj6kHDvvlB7dbv78yIIbJiXZQOwfKd2ouGPMAEBpaf5hhH_-zRJNkMgxOJLnoeaiE-HqvDdkd5jv96tjZGxsrkbDthioJw5o802wNATs9TnlVJUPN2985PX8HLqgg8/s400/Cultural-Iceberg-opengecko_thumb.jpg" width="323" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>1.
</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>Work Ethic:</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">The
</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">writer, Hermann Eich, </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">once
said,</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"> "The Germans have a
mania for work. They have no idea how to enjoy life." </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">I
spent much of my early youth on my uncles' farms in Western Nebraska.
We started work early and quit late (</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">h</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">ence,
</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">the 18-hour days), but we knew
how to party. A German wedding ran three days around the clock with
singing, dancing, talking, eating, and drinking.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>2.
</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>Creative Energy:</b></span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">How
good is a person with their minds at inventiveness and/or with their
hands to create? If lucky, your character likes Duck tape.</span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>3.
</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>Thoroughness:</b></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">The
Germans have a saying: "</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><i>Wenn
schon, denn schon</i></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">",
</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">which translate that </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">if
something is worth doing at all, it is worth doing right. </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">That
means</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"> never do</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">ing</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">
something half-way. </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">This is
accomplished by </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">giv</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">ing</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">
great attention to detail </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">to
the point of being fussy </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">perfectionists.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>4.
</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>Orderliness:</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">A</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">nother
German saying: "</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><i>Ordnung
muß sein</i></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">!". There
must be order! </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">Punctuality </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">is
paramount</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">. </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">E</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">verything
must go by the rules. </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">(This
drives my English wife nuts.)</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>5.
</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>Sincerity:</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">Fulfilling
a</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"> promised</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">
is a matter of honor.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>6.
</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>Loyalty:</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">How
l</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">oyalty </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">is
the character to</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"> his
organization, family, country, and comrades? </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">(James
Bond comes to mind. </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">This was
also the comment that came from the </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Chechnya
</span></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">community,
the younger brother is loyal to the older brother, right or wrong.)</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieMdGxfFvWzUt5oO9HJuEIlHI_Mwp15Q3CsBPSOiab3EHWt4m9fIici6TyApKIa_Qfm0rn3c3s_kYR0liasCv-xa3QFq69oNwaE_iHn9H_1wsaVJxCBMDBxpxa3qM0QOENcxMub19PD7o/s1600/images.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieMdGxfFvWzUt5oO9HJuEIlHI_Mwp15Q3CsBPSOiab3EHWt4m9fIici6TyApKIa_Qfm0rn3c3s_kYR0liasCv-xa3QFq69oNwaE_iHn9H_1wsaVJxCBMDBxpxa3qM0QOENcxMub19PD7o/s200/images.jpeg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>7.
</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>Song:</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">Every
culture has its music. </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">In my
youth it was the Dutch Hop and Polka. Elsewhere in the United States
it's Blue Grass, Rock, Country, </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">what
have you. Does your character like music? Do they sing/play. (In
Master and Commander, both the English and French captains played an
instrument.)</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>8.
</b><b>Attitude towards </b><b>violence</b><b>:</b><br /><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">Some
cultures hang on to violence tooth and nail, while others abhor it.
Cultural attitudes change over time.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>9.
</b><b>Love of nature:</b><br />D<span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">oes
your character </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">have </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">regard
</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">for </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">wildlife,
plant life, domesticated animals, world health?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>10.
</b><b>Class consciousness:</b><br /><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">Like
it or not, rationalize it, inwardly fight to deny it, this exists and
continues to be perpetrated around the world. I honestly don't know
of a culture where </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">classifying
individuals</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"> does not exist.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifGKoK5CJvgicKlk1ddrqhpVdJRmMhoRHhqDcpPlgGJI-QA26KyGw5mezAx8LHDw9C4XL3oyrfMbwZVF7GejT02fllko3U7U8BPgn5TCP_0jsAgrZXx3wACFSJv9_R6FsWdYZiQczy-eg/s1600/imagesjap.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifGKoK5CJvgicKlk1ddrqhpVdJRmMhoRHhqDcpPlgGJI-QA26KyGw5mezAx8LHDw9C4XL3oyrfMbwZVF7GejT02fllko3U7U8BPgn5TCP_0jsAgrZXx3wACFSJv9_R6FsWdYZiQczy-eg/s200/imagesjap.jpeg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>11.
</b><b>Politeness:</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">With
some cultures, as with Japan, politeness is an absolute necessity
when so many people are crowded together. Politeness is expressed in
language as well with formal and informal words and construct. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>12.
</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>Posture:</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">This
says a lot about where the character is from or his upbringing,
upright or slouching.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>13.
</b><b>Chewing Gum:</b><br /><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">Chewing
gum is American, brought to the United States in the 1860's and first
distributed in New York in 1871. While it apparently has some
positive cognitive effects, you won't see it used in many cultures.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>14.
</b><b>Wedding Rings:</b><br /><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">Did you
know that on which hand a wedding ring is worn denotes marriage or
engagement? At least in Germany, if wed, the </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">ring
</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">is</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">
worn on the right hand, </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">if</span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">
engaged, </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">it's on </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">the
left hand. </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">And of course, some
cultures don't wear one at all, </span><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">while
others have them hanging from unusual places.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"> </span><b>15.
</b><b>Eating:</b><br /><span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">How a person
handles eating utensil is indicative of where they are from. (If they
use them at all.)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>16.
Religion</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Some
cultures are bound tightly by religion—Jewish, Muslim, Shinto,
Mormonism among many. Religion is a set of beliefs concerning the
cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, usually involving ritual
observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct
of human affairs. Even agnosticism and atheism could be classified as
a religion. “Religion” has caused more wars, pain, suffering, and
death than you'd care to count throughout history.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Often,
such things do not cross a writer's mind, but can have a great
bearing on how they think and act, and certainly add a depth the
reader may like to see as a way to understand the character. The
world is bigger, more diverse, and colorful than you think.</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-43830598257715988712015-05-01T10:57:00.000-07:002015-05-01T10:57:17.065-07:00Clothes Can Make the Character<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO09nVdTQHk_JiUjEOJ0OiO6N7vFmVV8V7fDZKQn9DKiOYmLVYJt1Ircs9aD0E0CTK_-7tmrVbafkD3d1Rpfqt-fFJ9ahA7nMgGgAJ3BDYThu1gIUetO6SWAPLGFSLbCb7FxzSFuot544/s1600/p2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO09nVdTQHk_JiUjEOJ0OiO6N7vFmVV8V7fDZKQn9DKiOYmLVYJt1Ircs9aD0E0CTK_-7tmrVbafkD3d1Rpfqt-fFJ9ahA7nMgGgAJ3BDYThu1gIUetO6SWAPLGFSLbCb7FxzSFuot544/s1600/p2.jpg" height="200" width="191" /></a><b>The Wardrobe</b> is an online journal based out of the UK that focuses on a very specific subject: clothes. (http://www.authorspublish.com/the-wardrobe-open-to-submissions/) As they explain on their Internet page:<br />
<br />
<i>“Clothes are often overlooked in life and literature and considered frivolous, but they shape character, draw out concepts and connect you to your culture and landscape. As signals for who we are, where we are and what we are, clothes are invaluably transformative and revealing.”</i><br />
<br />
Previous eFiles in this series have focused on characters, specifically their personalities and motives, and to some extent, physical attributes as they might pertain to those areas. This time around, let's talk about their what they look like above skin level.<br />
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There are a number of ways to describe a character. One method is the bare bones. The <span id="goog_645296624"></span><span id="goog_645296625"></span>author gives very little in the way of physical descriptions, leaving the reader to fill in the blanks with whatever they imagine. Usually, this is the technique in short stories. It's a matter of space. <br />
<span id="goog_645296633"></span><span id="goog_645296634"></span><br />
In another method, a frequently published author introduces a character and immediately sets out a physical description. To be honest, I don't like that approach because it disrupts the flow of the story. As example, the protagonist is following the antagonist when a woman steps in his path. She is a tall redhead . . . A paragraph later we find out why she got in the way and what happened to the bad guy.<br />
<br />
Another method is to give a quick description and add more detail at a later time or sprinkled throughout the story as is pertinent. I tend to this method so that the plot flows uninterrupted. As example, this is one of the crewmen aboard the protagonist's ship:<br />
<br />
<i>"[The stowaways were] assigned a teacher. That it was the Irishman, Cochran, was a pleasing choice. He'd instruct them well."</i> (p.23 early)<br />
<i>"Cochran's laugh was not mean, but the boys weren't sure how to take him. He had a light way about himself."</i> (p.23 late)<br />
<i>"“The name's Mr. Cochran. Just Mr. Cochran. When we be socializin' ye can call me Dónall.”" </i>(p.24)<br />
<i>"“They have good eyes, too, just like blue-eyed Cochran.”"</i> [p.26] (reference to being a lookout)<br />
<i>". . . being pink-skinned like Cochran"</i> [p.26]<br />
<i>". . . the inveterate storyteller." </i>[p.31] <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJp7d6eTgIalRwxT4QylpXETzVKNUyjn7sRU3pZf1s3iAhWOS-WV4-bpfkYQx_x7YAt3JL9my824eRgov-CnJAS04okidiYkr5FPIvC2ggNMsH3JFea4RRb_Zzgs58cWCCsYCmDuBf_HM/s1600/p1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJp7d6eTgIalRwxT4QylpXETzVKNUyjn7sRU3pZf1s3iAhWOS-WV4-bpfkYQx_x7YAt3JL9my824eRgov-CnJAS04okidiYkr5FPIvC2ggNMsH3JFea4RRb_Zzgs58cWCCsYCmDuBf_HM/s1600/p1.jpg" height="200" width="119" /></a><i>"Cochran was thirty-six, young-looking with a light-hearted, carefree demeanor people liked to be around. Unlike Pasquel whose dark skin tolerated the sun, Cochran was fair skinned with a splash of freckles across the nose and a perpetual reddish glow, so he always wore a shirt and hat when working in the sunlight. He was slender, never seeming to put on weight as hard as Mr. Lytle tried. A hard worker, he was one of the few who could give [the captain] a good match with the cutlass and keep up as the two swam alongside the Raven. Any attempt at growing a beard was a disaster. Apparently some ancestry kept him clean as if newly shaved. The only mark on his smooth skin was the ugly scar on the left shoulder from [the captain's] knife. It saved him from losing the arm when he'd been injured in battle six years before."</i> [p.96]<br />
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Dónall Cochran is a re-occurring actor throughout the story, and obviously appeared in a previous novel. His physical appearance comes in bits and pieces as they become important without disrupting the flow of the story or as a boost to other actors or events.<br />
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When describing a character, physical details are important because they can say a great deal about them. <br />
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1. Think of hair—straight, wavy, curled, kinky, thick, thin, bald fuzz, halo, long, short, color.<br />
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2. Think of eyes—round, oval, almond, recessed, dark, bright, overhung by a thick brow, (which could be thin, thick, long like an old man).<br />
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3. Think of noses, mouths, ears, facial hair. Each detail shapes the personality of your character and we haven't even gotten below the shoulders which are . . .<br />
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And what about those clothes? What a character wears, how, and why can be important. In a story under construct, the antagonist usually is seen with a chest-length, powered wig and all the rest of a 15th Century English peacock's attire. The protagonist (a ship captain) tends to be casual, hat, loose-fitting shirt, short trousers, seldom with shoes. The natives they encounter group themselves into classes which can be identified by what they wear—the length of the breach cloth, from short for low class to ankle length for the chief. Older and married women wear a short breach cloth while unmarried girls and children wear nothing. And not only what they wear, but how the clothes look—clean, pressed, wrinkled, soiled, torn, worn thin, dull to bright colors, the kinds of fabrics, how they are made. <br />
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Your sources can come from a person walking down the street or research. If writing historically-based novels the focus is on research since hardly anyone dresses like that—go online, books, museums, photo collections. Writing about clothing in futuristic stories could go from whimsical to best guess. <br />
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The external appearance of your actors can be as important as their physicals, internal thoughts, and behaviors to present a complete picture. Whatever you write, consider the importance of clothing along with all
those other things that bring the character and story alive.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-12796177278939380012015-04-14T09:13:00.002-07:002015-04-14T09:13:55.516-07:00Basics for Beginning Writers – and the Rest of UsIn another life, I had the opportunity to conduct driver safety seminars for a Federal agency. Attendees ranged from twenty-year-olds who had received high school drivers ed, and had been driving for maybe five years, to persons who had been driving since the invention of the rubber tire. Everyone thought they were pretty good. Not one of them left class without having a different assessment of their skills—especially the long-term drivers who had not reviewed those skills since Andre and Edouard Michelin mounted the first pneumatic, rubber tire in 1895. <br />
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Like the driver's safety course reviewed fundamentals, this eFile takes a look at some basic elements of writing. While on the surface the content appears intended for the beginner, those serious about writing might want to review some of these.<br />
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<b>1. The Talent Factor</b><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxg6OQm6tBFAVdgK5kqdqTypoGQg5D62z2sI7K4XAuXRMzQH6YA-oSlzCuBTiZV1FvJnyECqfnYoM9a5oNE-y4OkLmmVeGPOUjahOzIpFGzvFyLB8epxAwjJLXfBFypoRU6X7kp8zVSK0/s1600/car2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxg6OQm6tBFAVdgK5kqdqTypoGQg5D62z2sI7K4XAuXRMzQH6YA-oSlzCuBTiZV1FvJnyECqfnYoM9a5oNE-y4OkLmmVeGPOUjahOzIpFGzvFyLB8epxAwjJLXfBFypoRU6X7kp8zVSK0/s1600/car2.jpg" height="200" width="153" /></a><br />
Writing is a gift. You either have the talent, or you don't, or fall somewhere in between. Liken it to an artist who has a eye for color and the coordination to draw. Without at least those basics, whatever the project, it's just scribbles. That's me. Frankly, my drawing sucks, but I'm good at fashioning clay objects and at graphic layouts. Falling into the “in between area,” those talents could be greatly enhanced if I were to study and work at improving them. That applies to the in between writers. Study, write, study, write, study, write. Interesting, that is the same formula for those who have major talent. The old adage applies, “Use it, or lose it.” <br />
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<b>2. Be True to Yourself</b><br />
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Every person on this planet and beyond is unique—how they think, how they act are the results of interaction with other unique people and events. This could be painful, but a writer really needs to come to grips as to who they really are, not what they want others to believe. What makes you, a writer, smile, laugh, cry, scream, become angry, hold back, become aggressive, ignore, abhor, desire, crave, fantasize? A writer then uses their talents and perspectives to create a successful story populated by characters who possess some of those things in their makeup written in their style or voice. Never lose sight of “Be yourself. Everyone else is taken.”<br />
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<b>3. Slavery is a Crime</b><br />
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When a house is erected, there is a framework built upon a foundation. That part is designed to hold the shape and details together. There is a framework to stories as well called “structure.” There needs to be a beginning, a middle, an end, and a plot through which characters move. Another author once said that structure is like a wave upon which characters ride. Television and movies have become a slave to formulation. From opening credits to “The End,” a viewer soon recognizes how all the pieces fit and can predict the outcome before the first commercial. That's like reading the last chapter of a book first. In the 1950's and on, contractors built tract homes. Block after block, each house looked like its neighbor with very little variation. Owners then did things inside and out to make their home appear different. Same basic structure, but very different tweaks. Structure is necessary to hold a story together and help guide it along, but it is not the master. <br />
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<b>4. Where Did That Come From?</b><br />
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Recently a media conversation asked, “Where do I find ideas that I can write about?” Ideas <br />
are a basic element of talent. If a person can't think of anything to write about, it's time to find a different hobby. The individual with writing talent has no end of ideas, whether they are for a full-fledged story or a simple scene. Just about any and everything can spontaneously trigger an idea in such people, and when that happens it is important to log it in as much detail as possible. The idea may not be applicable to the current project, but certainly may work in something else down the road. On the other hand, it may be just the needed piece to flesh out a scene, or take it in a different, more interesting direction. Rule of thumb: Never toss an idea without recording it somewhere.<br />
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<b>5. Learn to Write From Others . . .</b><br />
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but for cryin' out loud, don't copy them. An excellent way to learn writing is to look at successful stories, just don't fall into the trap of trying to duplicate them. Agents, editors, and the like review hundreds of manuscripts every year that contain the same elements. There should be no surprises here. The story that stands out from the crowd gets noticed. Case in point. I'm not a fan of vampire stories because they have been overdone like a burnt steak. I don't read them. Period. And then . . . an author asked me to review his book. From paragraph one, I was fascinated because the plot picked up from where Charles Dickens left off in “Oliver Twist.” Same characters a bit later in life, same writing style slightly updated. From the opening, I found the story fascinating and entertaining, and then BAM! The plot became a vampire story made believable by a very plausible, scientific explanation for the existence of vampires. The story is a stand-out.<br />
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Pirates are depicted as rude, crude, bloody, bullies—until Jack Sparrow stepped off his sinking longboat. Private Eyes are hard-nosed, cigarette smoking toughs—until Jessica Fletcher walked on the scene clutching her novel, “Murder, She Wrote.” Aliens are ugly, grotesque things—until Mr. Spock joined the Enterprise. Prince Charming came to rescue Rapunzel on a white horse—with some serious identity issues.<br />
Write the story, but write it in such a way that it will stand out and be noticed. Throw convention to the wind to see where it might land.<br />
<br />
<b>6. Avoid Falling into the Box Trap</b><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI5HripEf-MZYez8PyLdlYGKEa97UGUHWmXBUkVLC6QR2iKApnt_m2acnEva6hMlU7qFrbvJAJUXlXq0MrtA0BS7VCbrIqEL5FwgGMhIbtfU_Zdc2PD7-NAYquxVNQYAWPtekKL-hUmEU/s1600/car5.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI5HripEf-MZYez8PyLdlYGKEa97UGUHWmXBUkVLC6QR2iKApnt_m2acnEva6hMlU7qFrbvJAJUXlXq0MrtA0BS7VCbrIqEL5FwgGMhIbtfU_Zdc2PD7-NAYquxVNQYAWPtekKL-hUmEU/s1600/car5.jpeg" /></a><br />
Why does it seem every body and every thing has to carry a label? Be pinned in a niche? In <br />
this profession, that's writing to a genre. The novice uses genre as reference points that must be touched along the race to the end, and then wonder why their manuscript never gets noticed. Think of genre as an artist's pallet with daubs of primary colors. Using a brush, Rembrandt took a little of this, a little of that, swirled it around to blend, and then added another color until finding just the right shade. The writer who wants to break free and create a stand-out story will use genres like primary colors, to pick and choose elements for the story at hand, thus creating something with a very different personality, creating an experience unlike all the others. Creating something that leaps out from all the rest. <br />
<b></b><br />
<b><br />7. Go Back to the Roots</b><br />
Becoming a success has its pits. Caught up in the whirlwind of promotions and pressed to write the next, great best seller, we think it too mundane, a waste of time to review the basics of writing. Maybe that's why that next novel didn't quite measure up. Where is your writing? Good? Better? Best ???<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-28247549197359775712015-03-15T21:49:00.001-07:002015-03-17T15:13:46.754-07:00REVISE, REVISE, THEN GO BACK AND DO IT AGAIN<h1 class="article-title">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikl1HVHWrQi2gBJS6pJgLoSvZl0vUNYK58oXGDxhJoTL4Mdflm9HDWre00W61kTcsohfzpHtN_PCft56rXhkl1SGhXSMcJ85UGkMSRVvhMzH3jEUQTp7wpX6qajYq1N-tN6vR5OaO-l2_G/s1600/pic+2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"></a></h1>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Revising Your Manuscript</span></b><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>(Revised, of course) </b></span></span> </div>
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<b></b><br />
Tom Clancy quipped at a recent conference, "What's
a rewrite? I write them pretty much the way you guys read them and I
turn in a fairly clean product." Clancy feels he is the exception to the
rule although I've seen a fair share of places his story needed help. At the other end of the spectrum most of us go through many drafts before we're done; However, after reading a work ten or more
times, it can become too familiar, making it next to impossible to
flush out mistakes and recognize areas that could use some rework. At some point, each reading seems to accomplish less than the one before. Here's
a tip to help make your revision time more productive. Take a piece of
paper and list the problems you hope to discover and correct. Your list
could look something like this:</div>
<ul>
<li>1. Look for the deadwood, the unnecessary bits that don't move the story forward.</li>
<li>2. Check the first paragraph of each chapter for "hooks."</li>
<li>3. Check the end of each chapter for "cliffhangers." </li>
<li>4. Examine each page for balance between dialogue, action, introspection, and description.</li>
<li>5. Find places to build in more character traits.</li>
<li>6. Look for inconsistencies.</li>
<li>7. Look for repetition, words (and ideas) repeated too often, or too close to each other.</li>
<li>8. Find typos and grammatical errors.</li>
</ul>
This is a sample applicable
to one of my stories under construction. There would be other things
more important to your story. Determine what you want, write them down,
and then work through the list. Each time you read your manuscript, choose one point from your list and ignore the others. A reading needs to accomplish something specific, a set goal. By knowing what it is you plan to accomplish, your reading time will accomplish more.<br />
<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>ADDENDUM </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;">After drafting this eFile, I returned to begin the 4th edit of a novel under construction, but something had bothered me since the first edit. Something just didn't feel right. Something was missing. As this edit began that something became obvious. I did not feel the plot sufficiently supported the protagonist's character--his hopes, desires, and flaws, in particular the latter which are important to understanding why he behaves in certain ways that seem self-destructive. That had to be drafted more clearly, and thus intensify the drama. So, it was back to the drawing board to research more deeply into the selected flaws. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;">What does that mean? It means ripping whole chunks of story apart and re-crafting them to develop and richer story. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;">That is, in part, what a comprehensive edit should do. Write it right, something too many writers fail to do in their rush to publish. The consequence is that instead of handing this manuscript off to the publisher in May as planned, it will be closer to June, which in turn delays another project, but such is the life of a serious author who takes control of their artistic endeavors and not someone else.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><b> </b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-51481752076839221832015-02-27T23:14:00.000-08:002015-02-27T23:14:34.381-08:00The Protagonist: A Need For BackstoryIn your mind and hopefully in your reader's mind, the characters in your
story are real. That means they are not the most glamorous,
intelligent, adept, perfect-in-every-way people with the capability to
walk on water unless your setting is Ancient Greece. Real people are a
complex mix of strengths, weaknesses, talents, and flaws, things that
will have a big impact on them and the story. Flaws are especially
important because they create biases leading to the way people act,
react, think, and behave. However, assembling your character(s) is not
like mixing up a cake—throwing a bunch of ingredients in a bowl then
stirred or shaken.<br />
<br />
Time and again ad nausea, writers are warned
to avoid backstory. As it pertains to your characters a backstory is
vital to his, her's, or its creation. It describes, if to no one else
but you, WHY a character behaves the way they do. Generally, you won't
use it, or a little sprinkled throughout the story.<br />
<br />
When
inspiration smacks the back of my head, the first thing is to write down
a quick synopsis with an eye on what the main character is to
accomplish (the goal). Here is an example of a story being researched
for the National November Writing Month challenge coming up this
November. (Write a 50,000+ word novel in 30 days). <br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZPEca3KBFRQQY9p202-2DqtMniXTIFNO-vzJqy63nbQrTDJgfV56DYir4DEcvbeFfDiTnCW4cNAFmQofLmFrUG9MlxolIy1szmkfuCO8GdhcPvX8f6-x0xwj80dAzqvmwynqK0jcDffo/s1600/boy+and+mule.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZPEca3KBFRQQY9p202-2DqtMniXTIFNO-vzJqy63nbQrTDJgfV56DYir4DEcvbeFfDiTnCW4cNAFmQofLmFrUG9MlxolIy1szmkfuCO8GdhcPvX8f6-x0xwj80dAzqvmwynqK0jcDffo/s1600/boy+and+mule.jpg" height="200" width="185" /></a>While searching illustrations for another story, this picture popped
up and just as quickly a story began to develop. A Boy, His Mule and
Their Dog. “A boy living in post-Civil War, backwoods Missouri is
orphaned when his mother dies of cholera. His father and older brother
were killed during the war. The middle brother with whom he had a close
relationship, left to join the Confederacy in Texas. There is no word of his being killed. With his mother's
death, he sets out to find this brother.” <br />
<br />
As this is
based on historical facts and events, research is mandatory. A few days
online found this boy would be traveling from central Missouri to
Tucson, Arizona. How would he get there? The quest to answer that
question brought me to Tucson and the Arizona State Museum library. It
will take me further east to El Paso. I am already familiar with
Missouri to Texas portion from previous travels. The Internet has
provided a wealth of information and placed me in contact with
historians along his travel route (the Butterfield Stagecoach Trail.) <br />
<br />
As
details come together it becomes obvious this young man is going to
face challenges. That means it is time to assemble the character and a
timeline by asking and answering some questions. <br />
<br />
1. How old is he? 12 <br />
2.
He became an orphan at 12 when his mother died. What happened to the
father and two brothers?<br />
3. The brother who went to Texas was not heard
from so is presumed alive, so he sets out to find him. <br />
3. How can a 12-year-old realistically travel alone to Texas (eventually to Arizona) alone? <br />
4.
He has never been further than a small town a few miles from their
home. He doesn't even know which way Texas lies. He's going to need
help. Who? Where?<br />
5. By following the Butterfield Trail, it is possible to track daily movements and obstacles.<br />
<br />
In
order to accomplish the goal, it is necessary to understand the boy's
past and what events prepared him for this undertaking. First of all, a
12-year-old raised on frontier American is going to have skills to help
survive and succeed, like a 12-year-old will have the needed skills to
survive on the streets of Detroit. And then, there will be individuals
to step in when needed, but let's not make this easy.<br />
<br />
During
brainstorming, it was decided to make his father and older brother
abusive—the reason for a scar on his cheek. That brings to play
potentially dangerous behaviors that could undermine his efforts to
achieve the goal. He is likely to distrust adult men. This would be
revealed through interactions with those who want to help.
(Flaw #1 – he is a product of abuse.) Having grown up under the
influence of the middle brother and his mother he will have learned to
be conservative. (Flaw #2 – No-nonsense, level-headed) That means he
will not be needlessly foolhardy and careless with disregard for
consequences, but he is a child with a child's mind and will make some
poor decision. (Flaw #3 – Stubbornness.) He has one goal in mind with
the determined resolve to find his brother, no matter what. <br />
<br />
What does it mean to b e an abused child? The answer suggests
behaviors like avoiding or resisting comforting, and have difficulty
forming relationships--withdrawn. He will suffer from depression and
anxiety. He could seek the approval of others which translates into his
mind as “love,” even if those others are not “saints.” He will have
nightmares (a great way to sneak in snippets of backstory.) Finally,
there is some display of violent behavior (getting back for being hurt
by his father and brother.)<br />
<br />
As you see, the protagonist
is becoming a “real” complex person whose makeup dictates action and
reaction. Handled in appropriate ways these build empathy for him in the
reader.<br />
<br />
There are a number of web sites providing
long lists of character flaws from which to choose, but don't stop
research with those brief descriptors. Dig deeper to better understand
the causes, actions, and ramifications of the chosen flaw. In the
current story, when abuse was chosen for this character, a search to
understand the repercussions of abuse provided extensive information to
suggest appropriate reaction to events.<br />
<br />
Therefore, some steps that should be taken in your story are:<br />
<br />
1.
Give the protagonist (and those closely associated in achieving or
blocking the goal) flaws demonstrated through their actions.<br />
2. Give the protagonist more than one weakness.<br />
3. Provide a moral weakness—an inner conflict of acting contrary to one's beliefs.<br />
4. Gradually reveal character flaws through the character's actions.<br />
5. Show how the character has changed by the end of story.<br />
<br />
By
researching and writing an extensive backstory about a character the
writer comes to know them intimately, even to entering into a symbiotic
relationship. That can bring out some very powerful writing.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-58103370213830387852015-02-16T09:02:00.000-08:002015-02-16T09:02:20.507-08:00Where is Waldo?<br />
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<br />
The most important element of a story is the character, whether animate or inanimate because it carries the plot from beginning to end. Simply put, like Cadbury chocolates, the richer the character, the more delicious the story. There have been numerous posts addressing this issue, so this list is not original by any means, and certainly can be expanded upon. The writer's goal is make characters stand out. They should evoke love, hate, sympathy, some kind of emotion in the reader that will make them stand out in a crowd.<br />
<br />
When writing I have this list, along with other technique reminders posted near where I am working. A first draft is like an artist's sketch. Such reminders are the color pallets to give realistic depth and make characters stand out. While it's good to have these around during the draft phase, the best time to review these reminders is when starting the first and subsequent edits.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeVzKwV6RmzgXfwICXShbAAco6azdTC5V8eG7dkrfPyzb9iM_OUxdN6Fped8W3_XwII-3PeykG3aUafbhSj6SeGESgWkf14x5RqXhsFbBLpKUdWsUduxMnImewYpIEyXGHGwGRbciNl7s/s1600/frozen-cast-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeVzKwV6RmzgXfwICXShbAAco6azdTC5V8eG7dkrfPyzb9iM_OUxdN6Fped8W3_XwII-3PeykG3aUafbhSj6SeGESgWkf14x5RqXhsFbBLpKUdWsUduxMnImewYpIEyXGHGwGRbciNl7s/s1600/frozen-cast-2.jpg" height="199" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Characters should evoke some kind of emotion</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Character
Development</b></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span></span></h1>
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1) Allow to make mistakes.</div>
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2) Stand up and be counted.</div>
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3) Struggle with choices. If you can show your character being
mentally torn apart,
</div>
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especially if his choice adversely affects himself or
someone he cares about, you've</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
created a compelling inner conflict that will make
readers sympathize.</div>
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4) Acting consistent within the world you've created.</div>
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5) Struggles.</div>
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6) Weave physical details into the story where they legitimately
belong.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
7) Can smell, hear, feel, taste, and see the environment around him.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
8) Universal, human qualities. Does the character laugh or cry?
Experience frustration,</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
disappointment, joy, anger, shame, guilt, ambivalence?
Will readers be able to relate to
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
these reactions?</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
9) Quirks, idiosyncrasies; funny, little habits.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
10) Convictions, ethics and beliefs.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
11) Behave logically, use common sense, have worthy goals.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
12) Is the character a stereotype or an individual.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
13) Arced – shows growth.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
14) Direct and indirect characterizations vs. info dump.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
15) Take any scene, imagine yourself as the POV character and start
telling the story as they would tell it. </div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
Ask yourself these questions as you write:</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
(a) What does character notice?
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</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
(b) How does character see other people?</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
(c) What thoughts are running through his or her head as events
unfold?</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
(d) What past events influence my character in the present? What
future events does my
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
character anticipate?</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
(e) What does my character want? What motivates my character to act?</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
(f) What is my character’s deepest fear?</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
16) Using more than one point of view. A single point of view is
limiting.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
(a) Depart from a single point of view in order to divulge
information that the reader</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
couldn't learn from the primary point of view character.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
(b) Drop clues in the environment of your viewpoint
character - clues that</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
the reader would understand, but that the character wouldn't
necessarily draw
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
conclusions from.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
(c) It might be a good idea:</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
(i) to show how the protagonist appears to others.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
(ii) the main viewpoint character is unreliable.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
(iii) the contrast between your protagonist's viewpoint and another
person's
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
viewpoint is central to the story conflict.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
(iv) show precisely how dangerous your antagonist is.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; orphans: 0; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: auto; text-indent: 0.5in; widows: 0;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-80167693194305176552015-01-31T12:15:00.000-08:002015-01-31T12:15:10.221-08:00Starting With The Basics - 101
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<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQh11vQzNfMBlkSAc6X2uFqro4Zk52fGzXwOw-CMZ5NWpqapo0lZ2bS6xfEPy209Xxl8f-RtxoCQN96F_Rpk3keIguOUQpNid81V5yvJblcX5S64KEk4KH5EmKGUaUfm402BL557EsdM4/s1600/child-writing-story.jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQh11vQzNfMBlkSAc6X2uFqro4Zk52fGzXwOw-CMZ5NWpqapo0lZ2bS6xfEPy209Xxl8f-RtxoCQN96F_Rpk3keIguOUQpNid81V5yvJblcX5S64KEk4KH5EmKGUaUfm402BL557EsdM4/s1600/child-writing-story.jpg.png" height="186" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">If you are itching to write
a story don't let me get in the way. Get that story out of your system and
clean it up later. However, while appeasing that itch, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">there
are some things to consider. The first is – How long should it be? That depends on the various types of writing. In this, think fiction,
but </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">these types</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
appl</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">y</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
to non-fiction as well. They just have different names.</span><br />
<div style="font-weight: normal;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><b>V</b><b>ignette</b><br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="hotword3"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="hotword2"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="hotword1"></a>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">This </span>is a short scene
focusing on one moment or gives a sharply defined or clear-cut
impression about a character, idea, setting, or object. Liken it to
taking a photo, say of a friend. It shows them, their emotion, and
what they are doing in one second of time.<br />
<ul>
<li>My dog has leaped into a wading pool, rolled around, and
now looks at the people laughing at him with a big, panting smile just before shaking.<br />
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><b>Flash Fiction</b><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">This </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">typically
maxes out around 300 words, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">but
could go up to 1,000 words. Flash Fiction </span>often contains the
classic story elements of a protagonist (this will be explained in
a later lesson), conflict, obstacles or complications, and
resolution of the conflict. Because of the limited length, the
writer is often forced to only hinted at these elements or imply
them.<br />
<ul>
<li><div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
See stories by O. Henry, Aesop's Fables, Arthur C. Clarke, Ray
Bradbury, and Ernest Hemingway.</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><b>Short Story</b><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">The </span>classic
definition of a short story is something that should be read it in
one sitting. In today's world that could be a lot shorter than a
hundred years ago when life was more leisurely. To put a number on
it, the length seems to run from 1,000 to 20,000 words. Here story
elements have a bit more space to evolve and be filled out.
However, if writing for publication, you will find an upper
limitation around 7,500 words.<br />
<ul>
<li>I try to keep the story around 3,000 to 4,000 words, but
that is a personal preference allowing for expanding or shrinking to appease the publisher.
<br />
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><b>N</b><b>ovella </b><b>or Novelette</b><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">This form is </span>longer
than a short story, but shorter than a novel. Because of its length
the conflicts are fewer than in a novel, but more complicated than
in a short story. Where novels are typically divided into chapters,
Novellas often use white space to divide sections.<br />
<ul>
<li>The length recognized by publishers tends to be all over
the place as shown in the table below. Generally, the Novella
falls somewhere between 20,000 and 40,000 words.<br />
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<colgroup><col width="64*"></col>
<col width="64*"></col>
<col width="64*"></col>
<col width="64*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0.04in;" width="25%">
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-family: Droid Sans, sans-serif;"><b>AWARD <span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>1</sup></span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0.04in;" width="25%">
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-family: Droid Sans, sans-serif;"><b>GENRE</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0.04in;" width="25%">
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-family: Droid Sans, sans-serif;"><b>MINIMUM
WORDS</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04in;" width="25%">
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-family: Droid Sans, sans-serif;"><b>MAXIMUM
WORDS</b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">Nebula Award for Best Novelette</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">Science Fiction or Fantasy</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">7,500</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">17,499 or 39,999</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">Hugo Award for Best Novelette</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">Science Fiction or Fantasy</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">7,500</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">17,500 or 40,000</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">RITA Award for best novella</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">Romance</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">20,000</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">40,000</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">British Fantasy Award for Novella</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">Fantasy</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">15,000</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">40,000</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">Paris Literary Prize</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">Literary Fiction</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">15,000</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">35,000</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">Black Orchid Novella Award</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">Mystery</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">15,000</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">20,000</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">Shirley Jackson Award for best novelette</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">Psychological suspense, Horror, or Dark Fantasy</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">7,500 or 17,500</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in; padding-top: 0in;" width="25%">
<span style="font-size: small;">17,499 or 39,999</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ol>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novella
(abbreviated)</div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><b>N</b><b>ove</b><b>l</b><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">This </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
the </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">most familiar </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">form
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">where the writer</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
can go into great de</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">tail</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
to </span>describe characters and events, not necessarily in a
sequential format. The length starts around 40K and has been known
to top out at 2,100,00 words. (Realistically, 300,000 to 500,000
words catches most of the upper end), while more sane novels run
about 100,000 words, but the number can vary according to genre.
Each November, the Office of Lights and Letters holds an
International challenge to write a 50,000 word novel in 30-days.
This is not a bad length for a first draft. A novel's finished
length is entirely up to the writer who choses over what period of
time the story covers and how much detail to include.
<br />
<ul>
<li>J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series looks like this:<br />
<ul>Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone - 76,944 words <br />Harry
Potter and the Chamber of Secrets - 85,141 words <br />Harry Potter
and the Prisoner of Azkaban - 107,253 words <br />Harry Potter and
the Goblet of Fire - 190,637 words <br />Harry Potter and the Order
of the Phoenix - 257,045 words <br />Harry Potter and the
Half-Blood Prince - 168,923 <br />Harry Potter and the Deathly
Hallows - Approximately 198,227</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
My writing career has span some 55 years starting in high school
(I was telling stories before that, but they usually got me into
trouble rather than out.) Upon graduation, I began professional
writing as a cub reporter for a metropolitan newspaper. That style is
Vignette or Flash writing. The offerings had to be short and concise so not take up valuable ad space.
Looking back, that was a great introduction to writing.<br />
From there, I graduated to short stories, crafting that skill over
the next 35-years. Publishers, like newspapers, have only so much
space, so I became very comfortable writing a story around 3,500
words. The challenge was when requested to cut the word count to
1,500 to 2,000 words, a great game for testing and sharpening skills.<br />
In 2002 I was encouraged to try a novel. Since then I have published ten
novels ranging from 70,000 to 100,000 words.<br />
The point is, don't let your writing jump out of the starting gate
at the Kentucky Derby. Start small, learn the trade, and let your
abilities grow into whatever size you feel necessary to tell your
story.<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIxB2X0EREXJIYAdIzEnmSzeRl1Q-279Z6yONNfd6Mao-UoCH_vCov8n5EhHdHsxQ06uwXCYZ2Rb4kag6qASEIXmBGh5vxx1VSECZZxB6EdfG2_OfkMPdJqpQ2aF27ORQnF6XDrtg1t6U/s1600/kid-playing-in-the-rain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIxB2X0EREXJIYAdIzEnmSzeRl1Q-279Z6yONNfd6Mao-UoCH_vCov8n5EhHdHsxQ06uwXCYZ2Rb4kag6qASEIXmBGh5vxx1VSECZZxB6EdfG2_OfkMPdJqpQ2aF27ORQnF6XDrtg1t6U/s1600/kid-playing-in-the-rain.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-51831573763154591982015-01-21T20:18:00.001-08:002015-01-21T20:19:33.742-08:00Fingerprints - Has CSI Been Compromised? <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhcbJC7Blk1Q18qlL7dMwWrxWctoKp0WCXe3DIW0UHjoU-691rsNZYPQoeYEJ_Ita3TZtGD8-QfmsH06k1D-eoCaxPb9Eu5xMPHaA9uruxrkJNj8Lw_s2a5lk1amAYMo97UQA0e1FtQOI/s1600/Crime+Scene+Tape+on+white+background.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhcbJC7Blk1Q18qlL7dMwWrxWctoKp0WCXe3DIW0UHjoU-691rsNZYPQoeYEJ_Ita3TZtGD8-QfmsH06k1D-eoCaxPb9Eu5xMPHaA9uruxrkJNj8Lw_s2a5lk1amAYMo97UQA0e1FtQOI/s1600/Crime+Scene+Tape+on+white+background.JPG" /></a></div>
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A bit more than a few years ago part of my job included crime scene investigation. Of course, that included taking, lifting, and analyzing fingerprints. The science became a great boon to solving crimes. It still is, but it appears fingerprints can be compromised. A claim has been made that it is possible to re-create a person's fingerprints from photographs. Useful information for those developing a plot. For the entire article see:<br />
<br />
http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30623611<br />
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Happy writing.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-51108414880798641772015-01-15T18:13:00.001-08:002015-01-15T18:13:32.334-08:00Do Books Need Chapters <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJv59cp1oHYtxmwGccD2enfZH5gub7CrblJqT0GBjhpbdkTll4ts9bJ8y46ZDBtA1ZOV2f-E-AbXAuDU5x6bl-jAUlZTtLfw_w8A0YxEbFk1UxGRllApgBXhrjLU9rBrl-5HiISXQJ2T4/s1600/booksclip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJv59cp1oHYtxmwGccD2enfZH5gub7CrblJqT0GBjhpbdkTll4ts9bJ8y46ZDBtA1ZOV2f-E-AbXAuDU5x6bl-jAUlZTtLfw_w8A0YxEbFk1UxGRllApgBXhrjLU9rBrl-5HiISXQJ2T4/s1600/booksclip.jpg" height="200" width="200" /></a></div>
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A recent question surfaced during a writer's chat – Are chapters necessary when writing a book. Short answer? NO. The novel is a free form of writing which means exactly that. The author is free to tell the story in any form they want. The caveat is – the reader.<br />
<br />
I'll not go into the history of writing. I was not thrilled using leather or papyrus with their limiting space. However, the chapter developed in those days because of space.<br />
<br />
There are several reason to break a novel into chapters. One reason most put forth is that they make navigation and place marking easy. My wife is an avid reader, and some books put her to sleep, which of course, generally drop to the floor. Knowing the chapter she has been reading facilitates quickly finding the lost place and resuming the read . . . until falling asleep again.<br />
<br />
Chapters are useful in dividing the action or subject matter. In effect, they become similar to movie scenes. For instance, let's imagine a story with Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson. We introduce the crime, bring on Holmes & Watson, Holmes investigates the scene, potential suspects are introduced, Watson goes to his laboratory to analyze whatever, the suspects are brought together, and the perpetrator is uncovered. Placing each of these in separate sections or chapters helps the reader navigate through the story.<br />
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In a story under construction, changing viewpoint is very effective in describing events leading up to and during a battle. A lot goes on, each element of the action is important to each of the others, like a basket of writhing snakes. Some elements take longer to develop and describe so they become chapters. Other elements are like vignettes, but the reader needs to be alerted to a sudden change in the narrative, thus the use of * * *, ~ ~ ~, - - -, extra spaces, whatever, between paragraphs.<br />
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In another novel, the protagonist is introduced, his problem, the reason for running away from home. Some other important characters are introduced/mentioned, and his running away from home. Next chapter – his wanderings in a world away from home, other important characters are introduced, and the discovery of his real problem that puts him at odds with an unknown antagonist. Chapter three – developing skills for survival against the antagonist. It goes up and down hill from there.<br />
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In each chapter, there is an obvious change in the action and subject matter. They cover a particular period of time. It is possible to jump ahead or back, depending on the voice chosen for the tale, or switch to the actions of characters away from what is happening to the protagonist. <br />
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The key is that the reader should be alerted to these shifts. Yes, readers are generally intelligent enough to figure it out, but they have been conditioned by books, plays, screen, and TV stories to expect chapters and scenes to help them remain organized. Even in longer short stories, it is advisable to denote a break in viewpoint by using a physical notice as mentioned earlier. The reader is then comforted knowing that, “Hey! We're leaving here and going over there.”<br />
<br />
A final note. A chapter does not necessarily have a beginning, middle, and end as the completed book does. Also, it can be short (I've seen as little as one paragraph). Interestingly, I have written many short stories where the requirement is about 3,000 to 3,500 words. When doing a novel chapter, guess the length I have unconsciously written? That's not to say there the reader won't find shorter or longer chapters. Word count is only the by-product of what is needed to tell that particular part of the story.<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-26276423416492587622015-01-01T13:52:00.000-08:002015-01-01T13:52:03.540-08:00Failing Science Fiction
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<b>From Discover Magazine:</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“The first teaser trailer for the upcoming film “Star Wars Episode VII: The Force Awakens” treated viewers to the familiar sights and sounds of many science fiction ideas that moviegoers loved from the original trilogy: a hover vehicle skimming above the ground, a whimsical droid’s beeps and bloops, a shot of X-Wings flying in formation, and the hiss of a lightsaber being revealed. Such technologies have inspired young girls and boys to become scientists and engineers, and have even helped spawn several U.S. military projects. Yet the Star Wars films manage to dazzle us with their technological fantasies without having much meaningful to say about how technology actually works.” (<a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/lovesick-cyborg/2014/12/22/illusion-star-wars-technology/#.VJiUQsBg">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/lovesick-cyborg/2014/12/22/illusion-star-wars-technology/#.VJiUQsBg</a>)</span><div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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" 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<br /><span style="font-size: large;">When the Science Fiction genre came into its own, authors explained how and why things worked, and for this reason I find less enjoyment with many modern stories that are label SF, yet lack this element. Without such explanations does the writing move from SciFi to Fantasy? Are writers' grasp of scientific principles too shallow to meet this requirement? Is that a fair assessment? <br /><br /> So, what exactly is Science Fiction? Turning to Wikipedia, there are a couple attempts to define this somewhat elusive genre. “According to science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein, "a handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method." [Heinlein, Robert A.; Cyril Kornbluth; Alfred Bester; Robert Bloch (1959). "The Science Fiction Novel: Imagination and Social Criticism". University of Chicago: Advent Publishers.] One of my early mentors, Rod Serling's definition was "fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible." [Rod Serling (1962-03-09). The Twilight Zone, "The Fugitive".]” <br /><br />I use the term, “elusive genre” because it can be divided into hard and soft categories with a slew of sub-genres. I all too frequently see fantasy stories labelled as SF thus confusing the two. It is important to label one's story correctly if for no other reason than marketing to the right group. Therefore, it behoves a writer to look up each of those genre and understand what they are, and what they aren't. <br /><br />SF - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction</a> <br /><br />Fantasy - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy</a> <br /><br />In fact, whatever genre a person writes in, or thinks they are writing in, the writer should become familiar with the definition and parameters. It only takes a few strokes of the keyboard. <br /><br />If you are interested in writing SF, looking for story prompts, or simply interested in what's happening around you, here's a link to obtain Discovery Magazine in your eMail free: <a href="http://discovermagazine.com/magazine/newsletter">http://discovermagazine.com/magazine/newsletter</a>. <br /></span><div class="western" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-7704830085610874232014-12-19T12:27:00.002-08:002014-12-19T12:27:26.374-08:00Info for you Detective Writers<style type="text/css">h4.cjk { font-family: "Droid Sans Fallback"; }h4.ctl { font-family: "FreeSans"; }p { margin-bottom: 0.1in; line-height: 120%; }a:link { }</style>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>NOTE: </b>I have an interest in science (why else would I have earned a B.S. in Natural Science?), therefore follow various journals. They are a great help as story prompts, and adding technical detail to stories. Whenever I run across something interesting, I'll kick it out this door.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b> </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>--Sean</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>The following article appeared in the recent DiscoveryMagazine.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2014/12/16/microbes-pubic-hair-sexual-crimes/#.VJSAWbAEQ">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2014/12/16/microbes-pubic-hair-sexual-crimes/#.VJSAWbAEQ</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Microbes
on Pubic Hair Could Help Solve </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Sexual Crimes</b></span></div>
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By <a href="http://discovermagazine.com/authors?name=Carl+Engelking"><span style="color: #555555;">Carl
Engelking</span></a> <span style="border-bottom: 1px solid #999999; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #999999; display: inline-block; padding: 0.07in 0in;"> </span><br />
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<span style="border-bottom: 1px solid #999999; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #999999; display: inline-block; padding: 0.07in 0in;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigb-9XfIQSm9EQpE5WFPILOqj_qeKobtJ2vj_wK8lAPHJKv4km_buV6x_JzM-BxKTkdAWZ-sSeP91pcQuziyJOc9WI9BoHVSyi8triIqTou5jDUiY8ykyY3bzUuBPa2utYhlRCCG9M5Uw/s1600/7XQNX.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigb-9XfIQSm9EQpE5WFPILOqj_qeKobtJ2vj_wK8lAPHJKv4km_buV6x_JzM-BxKTkdAWZ-sSeP91pcQuziyJOc9WI9BoHVSyi8triIqTou5jDUiY8ykyY3bzUuBPa2utYhlRCCG9M5Uw/s1600/7XQNX.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/files/2014/12/shutterstock_235329115.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"></span></a></div>
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Forensic specialists may have a new
tool to catch perpetrators of sexual assault – and it is
courtesy of the microbiome.<br />
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The microbiome, the community of
bacteria and viruses that live on and inside the human body, has
been a fruitful area of recent research. For instance, studies have
linked our helpful army of microbes with our likelihood of <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2012/08/23/antibiotics-fuel-obesity-by-creating-microbe-upheavals/#.VJBj84rF9OU">obesity</a>
and our ability to <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2012/08/23/antibiotics-fuel-obesity-by-creating-microbe-upheavals/#.VJBj84rF9OU">metabolize
certain sugars</a>. The recent <a href="http://commonfund.nih.gov/hmp/index" target="_blank">Human
Microbiome Project</a> categorized thousands of different strains of
bacteria that live on us. And now, researchers believe, the microbes
on pubic hair could help solve sexual crimes.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more-9402"></a>
A Hair of Evidence</h4>
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Forensic investigators glean DNA from
hair all the time, but this method isn’t without its flaws. To get
the best DNA evidence, investigators are looking for hairs that were
actively growing and still have the root attached. Unfortunately,
that doesn’t happen often. Most hairs on a crime scene are dead
and shed naturally, which leaves the DNA in those hairs degraded and
thus complicates investigations.<br />
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<div style="line-height: 100%;">
But the story doesn’t have to end
there for hair. A research team led by Silvana Tridico from Murdoch
University in Australia decided to investigate if the microbes on a
strand of hair could be personally identifiable.</div>
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Bacterial Transfer</h4>
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Seven volunteers (three males and four
females) trimmed their scalp and pubic hair at three different
points in time and submitted samples for analysis. Researchers
processed the samples to identify the microbes by their DNA. Scalp
hair had roughly 50 microbial strains while male and female pubic
hair harbored over 70 distinct microbe types. Each
subject’s microbial community was so personalized that
researchers could identify individuals.<br />
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<div style="line-height: 100%;">
The microbial communities on pubic hair
generally remained individually distinct and consistent over the
course of the study. But one instance was telling: a romantic
couple’s bacteria, on the final collection, looked much more
similar than it had on the first two collections. The reason? They
had had sex the day before. This surprising result indicated that
humans swap external microbes during intercourse, suggesting that
the microbiome could be useful in forensic analysis on sexual
assault cases.<br />
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<div style="line-height: 100%;">
Researchers published their findings
Monday in the journal <i><a href="http://www.investigativegenetics.com/content/5/1/16">Investigative
Genetics</a></i>.</div>
<h4 class="western" style="line-height: 100%;">
Positive, But
Preliminary</h4>
<div style="line-height: 100%;">
It’s unclear what role hair microbial
signatures will play in the future of fighting crime. These findings
were preliminary, and the sample size was incredibly small. Future
investigations will need to seriously examine the efficacy of
tracking microbial migrations during sex.<br />
</div>
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However, it’s a promising idea.
Someday, in addition to DNA, microbes may help bring about justice.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="portfolio_link"></a><i>Photo
credit: <a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-1672441p1.html">Pimnana_01</a>/Shutterstock</i></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-32495073972200473722014-12-16T15:12:00.000-08:002014-12-16T15:12:38.852-08:00Give Yourself a Great Present<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCtc7tSfUBmw5Ycxsy-D0UbmazUod3tP6hbBRYqBh_ElYr4yPnBAGHIgd6aCTGOyN1hmq87PdyXgFUv2f8V9V9TqwXjvngmw8-MQvVU3jAMGBgBtQXTi89_l57s_SUF_SLdwcmyuEPdSQ/s1600/chair+by+the+hearth.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCtc7tSfUBmw5Ycxsy-D0UbmazUod3tP6hbBRYqBh_ElYr4yPnBAGHIgd6aCTGOyN1hmq87PdyXgFUv2f8V9V9TqwXjvngmw8-MQvVU3jAMGBgBtQXTi89_l57s_SUF_SLdwcmyuEPdSQ/s1600/chair+by+the+hearth.JPG" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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There are a number
of things a serious writer does.</div>
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<br />
</div>
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1. Write every day.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
2. Read other
writers' works.</div>
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3. Learn something
new about the art of writing.</div>
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4. Do their best at
work so they can afford to write.</div>
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5. Pray.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />Regarding the
writing every day thing, hopefully it is on a new work or editing a
piece you want to publish. There are other things. Posting on
Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin or other social sites does not count
unless you are using complete and grammatically proper sentences, otherwise they are a procrastinator's dream. Journal entries or a letter to Santa Claus do. So does a year-end
review. This can be one of your greatest tools for moving from a good
writer to a great writer. Yes, this is about resolutions.</div>
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<br />
</div>
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I had the privilege
of growing up in a community heavily influenced by Jews.
While I was brought up in the Christian faith, it was difficult avoid
not being influenced by my friends. I celebrated Jewish holidays with
them and Christian holidays with family – the best of two worlds
and made out like a bandit. However, in later years I came to
appreciate the month leading up to Rosh Hashanah, the beginning of
the Jewish new year. During 2014 it fell on Sept. 24.</div>
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<br />
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During this time, a
person reviews the year past in some detail before making a plan for
the next year. Such introspection is far more beneficial than the
typical New Year's resolution thing that usually ends in failure,
laughed off, and forgotten.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
What sort of things
did I focus on before writing down goals for 2015? (Yes, written
down).</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
1. Review what I
had planned to accomplish in 2014. (This included personal as well as
professional goals.)</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
2. For each one,
how did I do? Fell on my face? So-so? Pretty well? Right on!?</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
3. For each goal
that was less than stellar, is it worth trying again? What can I do
to do better?</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
4. What do I want
to accomplish in 2015? (Let me share some professional goals.)</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
a.
Complete the edit of <i>A Pirate's Legacy VI</i> by April 1.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
b. Submit
“a” to publication</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
c.
Complete research for new novel, <i>Herakleides: Prelude to War</i>
(done)</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
d. Draft
“c” during National Writing Month in November (done)</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
e. Edit
<i>Herakleides</i> during Dec and Jan and have ready for publication
by Jul</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
f. Write
synopsis and begin research on <i>Just Me </i><span style="font-style: normal;">in
Feb and have everything ready to write draft in Nov 2015 for the
National Writing challenge.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-style: normal;">g.
Write bi-monthly eFile </span><i>Anatomy of a Story</i></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
h. Submit one book review per month</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
i. Learn and apply a new or forgotten aspect of the
writing art</div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
As
you can see, a pretty ambitious and busy schedule, but it's not just
a list of want-to-do. Having spent a month thinking about each goal,
I have a plan on how to achieve them (with alternatives because
neither the world or me are perfect). The over all list is posted
prominently where I work. Personal goals are posted on a mirror.
That's because I have to look at myself and discuss with that
reflection how those things will be accomplished today or explain why
I didn't do so well yesterday.</div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Serious
business? yes, but how else does a person improve on what they did
yesterday? How do we become a better person and a better, productive
writer?</div>
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<br />
</div>
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Have
a great and productive year ahead.</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Sean</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-82171549099008418222014-12-16T13:31:00.000-08:002014-12-16T13:31:02.536-08:00Extra - An Interesting Writing Prompt
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</h1>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I
enjoy learning, mostly about history and science and after retiring,
returned to school to add a B.S. in Natural Science to a list of
other degrees and certificates. However, learning does not stop at
the ivy arch so the Internet just keeps me stoked because of articles
like this which appeared in the recent Discovery magazine's eFile.
(<a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2011/06/21/a-beautiful-web-of-poison-extends-a-new-strand/#.VJBrr133yPR">http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2011/06/21/a-beautiful-web-of-poison-extends-a-new-strand/#.VJBrr133yPR</a>)
</span></span>
</div>
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</span><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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</span><div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">During
the first part of November a wanna-be writer said he wasn't
participating in the annual National Writing challenge because he
couldn't think of anything to write about. One look at this story and
how many different stories pop out in different genres? You better
believe this little gem is going to appear in my writing sometime in
the near future in at least one short story and woven into a novel.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2011/06/21/a-beautiful-web-of-poison-extends-a-new-strand/"><span style="font-size: medium;">A
Beautiful Web of Poison Extends A New Strand</span></a></h1>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/files/2011/06/rough-skinned-newt.jpg"><span style="color: navy;"><img align="left" border="1" height="212" name="Image2" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" width="320" /></span></a>By
<a href="http://discovermagazine.com/authors?name=Carl+Zimmer"><span style="color: #555555;">Carl
Zimmer</span></a> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">June 21, 2011 12:51
pm I just got back yesterday from the annual meeting of the Society
for the Study of Evolution. It took place in a big hotel on the
outskirts of Norman, Oklahoma, during a windy heat wave that felt
like the Hair Dryer of the Gods. It had been a few years since I had
last been to an SSE meeting, and I was struck by how genomic
everything has gotten. No matter how obscure the species scientists
are studying, they seem to have outrageous heaps of DNA sequence to
analyze. A few years ago, they would have been content with a few
scraps. Fortunately, SSE hasn’t turned its back on good old natural
history. There were lots of fascinating discoveries on offer, about
species that I had assumed had been studied to death. My favorite was
a talk about the rough-skinned newt, the most ridiculously poisonous
animal in America.</span></div>
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</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The scientific tale of the rough-skinned
newt begins five decades ago, with a story about three dead hunters
in Oregon. Reportedly, the bodies of the hunters were discovered
around a camp fire. They showed no signs of injury, and nothing had
been stolen. The only strange thing about the scene was the coffee
pot. Curled up inside was a newt.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">In the 1960s, a biologist named Butch
Brodie got curious about the story. The newt in the coffee pot–known
as the rough-skinned newt–has a dull brown back, but when it is
disturbed, it bends its head backward like a contortionist to reveal
an orange belly as bright as candy corn. Bright colors are common
among poisonous animals. It’s a signal that says, in effect, “If
you know what’s good for you, you’ll leave me alone.” Brodie
wondered if the newts were toxic, too.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><em>Toxic</em>, it turns out, doesn’t
do the newts justice. They are little death machines. The newts
produce a chemical in their skin called tetrodotoxin, or TTX for
short, that’s made by other poisonous animals like pufferfish.
Locking onto sodium channels on the surface of neurons, TTX blocks
signals in the nervous system, leading to a quick death. In fact, TTX
is 10,000 times deadlier than cyanide. While we may never know for
sure what killed those three Oregon hunters, we do know that a single
rough-skinned newt could have easily produced enough TTX to kill
them, and have plenty of poison left over to kill dozens more.</span></div>
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</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Now, if the whole idea of evolution
makes you uneasy, you might react by saying, “That couldn’t
<em>possibly</em> have evolved.” Experience has shown that this is
not a wise thing to say. Brodie said something different: the most
plausible explanation for a ridiculously poisonous animal is that it
is locked in a coevolutionary arms race with a ridiculously
well-defended predator. Another biologist mentioned to him that he’d
seen garter snakes dining on rough-skinned newts, and so Brodie
investigated. He discovered that garter snakes in rough-skinned newt
territory have evolved peculiar shape to the receptors on their
neurons that TTX would normally grab.</span></div>
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</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">The co-evolution of newts and snakes
became a family business. Brodie’s son, Edmund, grew up catching
newts, and today he’s a biologist at the University of Virginia.
Father and son and colleagues have discovered that snakes have
independently evolved the same mutations to their receptors in some
populations, while evolving other mutations with the same effect in
other populations. They’ve also found that both newts and snakes
pay a cost for their weaponry. The newts put in a lot of energy into
making TTX that could be directed to growing and making baby newts.
The evolved receptors in garter snakes don’t just protect them from
TTX; they also leave the snakes slower than vulnerable snakes.
They’ve studied newts and snakes up and down the west coast of
North America and found a huge range of TTX potency and resistance.
That’s what you’d expect from a coevolutionary process in which
local populations are adapting to each other in different
environments, with different costs and benefits to escalating the
fight.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">This story is so irresistible that I’ve
written about it twice: first, ten years ago in <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/redirect?link_code=as2&path=ASIN/0061138401&tag=carlzimmercom&camp=1789&creative=9325">Evolution:
The Triumph of an Idea</a>,</em>, and then in updated form last year
in <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0981519474?ie=UTF8&tag=carlzimmercom&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0981519474">The
Tangled Bank</a></em>. I figured that the Brodies et. al. had pretty
much discovered all there was to know about these creatures. But in
Oklahoma, I discovered that they had missed what is arguably the
coolest part of the whole story.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Think about it: you’re a female newt,
you’ve fended off attackers with a staggering amounts of poison in
your skin, and now you want to pass on your genes to your
descendants. You lay a heap of eggs in a pond, and what happens? A
bunch of pond creatures come rushing in and have a feast of amphibian
caviar.</span></div>
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</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">What could you possibly do to ensure at
least some of your offspring survived? Well, you have an awful lot of
TTX in your system. You have enough of the stuff to give your eggs a
parting gift to help them out there in the cruel, predator-infested
world. Make your eggs poisonous.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%;">
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">That is exactly what female newts do. In
fact, they load their eggs with TTX. To figure out if this poison
provided a defense against predators, the Brodies and their students
traveled to a group of ponds in central Oregon that are home to
thousands of rough-skinned newts apiece. They collected dragonflies
and other aquatic predators from the ponds and put them in buckets
filled with newt eggs, along with muck from the pond bottoms. The
scientists found that almost none of the predators would touch the
newt eggs. Since these predators eat plenty of eggs of other species,
this result shows that TTX does indeed help the newt eggs survive.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">But there was one exception. Caddisfly
larvae turned out to relish the newt eggs. In fact, the caddisflies
actually grew bigger if they were supplied with newt eggs and pond
muck than with pond muck alone. And yet the Brodies and their
students estimate that there’s enough TTX in one newt egg to kill
somewhere between 500 and 3700 caddisflies.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">You know where this is going. At the
evolution meeting, one of their students, Brian Gall, described
feeding newt skin to caddisflies both from the central Oregon ponds
and from ponds elsewhere without newts. The newt-free caddisflies
would happily munch on newt skin from which all the TTX was removed.
But if there was more than a trace TTX in the skin, they refused to
eat. The caddisflies that fed on newt eggs, on the other hand, would
eat the most toxic skin Gall could provide.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">It appears that the caddisflies have
evolved much like the garter snakes. In ponds where rough-skinned
newts lived, the caddisflies have evolved defenses against TTX. In
fact, Gall reported, the caddisflies appear to put the snakes to
shame. Evolved snakes are 34 times more resistant to TTX than
vulnerable ones. The caddisflies have increased their resistance 175
times.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">It’s not clear whether the caddisflies
and the newts are truly co-evolving, however. The Brodies will have
to find out whether adding extra TTX to eggs increases their survival
in the presence of caddisflies. Another intriguing possibility arises
from their discovery that the caddisflies actually harbor some of the
TTX they eat in their tissues for weeks after eating the eggs.
Perhaps the caddisflies are stealing the poison to protect
themselves, as happens in monarch butterflies eating toxic milkweed.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">In other words, this wonderfully deadly
story isn’t over yet.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">[For more information, see this <a href="http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z11-015?journalCode=cjz">new
paper</a> in Can. J. Zool., and <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/biowarfare_01">Understanding
Evolution</a>, an educational web site. Ed Brodie tells much of the
story pre-caddisfly in a chapter of the new book, <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Light-Evolution-Essays-Laboratory-Field/dp/0981519490">In
The Light of Evolution</a></em> (full disclosure: I wrote a chapter
in it, too, which you can read as a pdf <a href="http://ncse.com/files/pub/evolution/Excerpt--lightofevolution.pdf">here</a>)]</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><em><a href="http://www.californiaherps.com/salamanders/pages/t.granulosa.html">Image:
California Herps</a></em></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><em><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Have
a tremendously productive new year and Happy Writing.</b></span></em></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div style="line-height: 100%;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><em><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>--Sean</b></span></em></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-31937741396677254292014-11-30T11:15:00.000-08:002014-12-04T19:06:53.559-08:00Which Way Did They go?<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhylunZkoE7kFUtdZ2cnbAdo027Yenoug2xukI4qShqyWPKEKZpca0sthGKpG2sKQZRjlGGZn9OjBUubjBWfaxRcqLn0QNd5CN25361hNqSTLwAO0UprErmlg7PpS7nh5XFBfwApicHKJE/s1600/go.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhylunZkoE7kFUtdZ2cnbAdo027Yenoug2xukI4qShqyWPKEKZpca0sthGKpG2sKQZRjlGGZn9OjBUubjBWfaxRcqLn0QNd5CN25361hNqSTLwAO0UprErmlg7PpS7nh5XFBfwApicHKJE/s1600/go.jpg" height="200" width="140" /></a></div>
<br />
Bubbling at the top of a pot of characters is the hero and the villain, and the idea is to develop both and show how they are different and maybe not so different. That is easily done when they interact, but what if there is a long-distance relationship? Case in point, the main character or characters are moving about, preparing to launch an attack on the villain to free kidnapped victims. The villain is moving about several hundreds of miles away laying a trap and preparing for the attack. How to bridge the gap and develop each character? A technique is to use multiple points of view.<br />
<br />
Typically, using different points of view has advantages.<br />
<ol>
<li>It solves the problem of the main point of view character being unreliable.</li>
<li>It shows how the hero appears to others.</li>
<li>It is one way to contrast the hero and villain which is central to a good story.</li>
<li>It can show precisely how dangerous the villain is.</li>
</ol>
<div>
When using this technique the writer must be wary of a couple things. One is to give sufficient warning that a shift occurs if within a chapter, and two, be careful about "head-hopping" which can confuse and/or pull the reader out of the story. So, why and how am I applying this technique?</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In a work under development, the hero and villain are miles apart. Yes, it is possible to TELL that the villain is evil, but SHOWing that he is evil and why may be preferable. The simplest method is to devote a chapter that introduces the villain, describe the kidnapping, and a disregard of the lives of innocent people; however, this story is part of a series that has another villain, an individual who will become a serious threat to the hero's family, who is responsible for launching a 400-year vendetta that focuses on the hero of the parallel series occurring in our era. It is in this chapter that he is also re-introduced. The relatively brief appearance and in another chapter later is all that is necessary as the focus is on the villain of this story. In order to further flesh out this character, I switched the viewpoint in additional chapters to demonstrate just how vicious and depraved he is and his justification for such behavior. As the story is told by an omniscient narrator and the shifts are done within entire chapters, the reader shouldn't become lost or distracted. There is a different aspect to using multiple points of view, and that relates to scene-hopping within a chapter.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Switching points of view within a chapter can work as long as the writer gives sufficient warning of the changes. How the writer does this is up to them. I use the same technique as if making a shift in time, a visual page break, centered on its own line. Sometimes I use ~, other times *, whatever works so that the reader is alerted to a change and can easily keep up. Utilizing this shifting technique is important as the story unfolds into the rescue of the wife and son of the protagonist's mentor, who were kidnapped and supposedly being held for ransom -- actually a way to lure the mentor into a trap to kill him. Underlying is the hope this tactic will lure the main hero, too, as the villain really, really wants revenge on him. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The shifting of view point comes into serious play at the conclusion of the story. From the beginning, the reader is introduced to a number of "minor" characters, each playing a significant part. In the attack, we have the mentor commanding a fleet of four ships that makes a frontal assault on the fortress from the sea. There is also our hero who takes a large force ashore to cross over the island and attack from land. He is also charged with the actual rescue. We also have another player and her ship of children who first spy on the fortress to gain needed info on defences and the exact whereabouts of the kidnap victims. She also establishes a working friendship with the local Carib natives so that a land attack is possible, and then is responsible for taking the rescued wife and son aboard, to getting them out of harm's way.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
To accomplish the spying and moving the kidnapped victims to safety are two of her crew who pose as Caribs. When a major complication arises the protagonist's son enters to warn of trouble and while he is supposed to stay out of danger, becomes involved in a fight with defending soldiers. Finally, there is another character, captain of the ship that transported the hero and his troops to the island, and then engages a warship to prevent the villain from attacking their rear. Scene changes within the battle chapter are, in a modest word, as frequent as raindrops in a downpour. This multiple view point approach is important as each change focuses on events and information that the reader will want and need. Transitioning appropriately and smoothly will prevent losing or frustrating the reader so to show what is happening and set the scene for what will or can happen.<br />
<br />
There is just a lot more that goes into a story, requirements and tricks that must be learned and practiced before a writer can just sit down and transfer what develops through imagination into a visual media. So, how do you use this technique?<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-22127841865348638592014-11-17T00:50:00.001-08:002014-11-17T00:50:05.214-08:00Writing Starts With Inspiration<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6xvsOOSNuPDi2r1BPhze_8fugPb9f1jA491-rp5mayqcybwlALjdTDexahfqGujjofvavzymX4YePTW_AH5hU2WtD2NHMMo_6SvDBurYa3efOyx45uiKhDyAf_fOH-_Y8CExhPkokc8E/s1600/NaNo.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6xvsOOSNuPDi2r1BPhze_8fugPb9f1jA491-rp5mayqcybwlALjdTDexahfqGujjofvavzymX4YePTW_AH5hU2WtD2NHMMo_6SvDBurYa3efOyx45uiKhDyAf_fOH-_Y8CExhPkokc8E/s1600/NaNo.png" height="158" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<style type="text/css">P { margin-bottom: 0.08in; direction: ltr; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); }P.western { font-family: "Droid Serif",serif; font-size: 12pt; }P.cjk { font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; font-size: 12pt; }P.ctl { font-family: "Lohit Hindi"; font-size: 12pt; }</style>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
This
is National Write a Novel Month (NaNo) where writers from around the
world take the challenge to write 50,000 words (minimum) in 30-days.
As this is written there are some 400,000 participants from 200
countries pounding keyboards or scratching on paper. It is a daunting
experience for some who unfortunately will not succeed. However, last
year 310,000+ did, and in the process learned a great deal about
themselves and writing.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
When
there are 400,000 writers, it is not unrealistic to expect about that
many approaches to writing, and only by trial and error does a person
find the method that fits them best. However, all approaches to
writing the first chapter have one very important thing in common.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Several
days into the current challenge an individual complained that he
probably wasn't going to write this year because he couldn't think of
anything. ? ? ? Perhaps this is harsh, but if a person is unable to
get inspiration, they should pack their bags, and move on to something else because
inspiration is the germ that spawns stories. If you don't have it or wait until the last minute, you are wasting your time.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
After
fifty years I can not explain how it happens. It just does. A
comment, a song, a picture, even an assignment, but something
triggers the creative synapses to start clicking away. What I have
learned is to start recording some of those thoughts quickly, adding
detail as soon as safely possible because ideas will flow like spring
runoff and can dry up just as fast. It makes no difference how you
record those ideas, whether they be short-phrased outlines, bullet
points, incomplete sentences, or brief synopsis. When the ideas come,
grab for the gold ring.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit6DfOT1dprx6k44ENgbb5rVY8WGcii00jcpHI4XQj0msSCfAUr7hPjhXvanYRqN8Ft4156P_aDEGLA0DEHQpqgGPzbkDYYPAYQzkSRn_8ZWxUgR3WK0auxuwLO01EzS5-gI-4KcimirM/s1600/Ideas_0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit6DfOT1dprx6k44ENgbb5rVY8WGcii00jcpHI4XQj0msSCfAUr7hPjhXvanYRqN8Ft4156P_aDEGLA0DEHQpqgGPzbkDYYPAYQzkSRn_8ZWxUgR3WK0auxuwLO01EzS5-gI-4KcimirM/s1600/Ideas_0.jpg" height="200" width="175" /></a></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Can't
think of anything to write? I have a box in the garage with ideas
collected over these many years. Most are worthless because the
thoughts are dead and the notes too meager for resurrection. By trial
and error I learned to be more detailed and now write a synopsis
including ideas about the protagonist, antagonist, how it can start,
and where it can end. The twisted journey from start to conclusion
falls into place.
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
The
information (often only a page long) is placed in a file for those
times when the idea stream seems dry. In the last year alone almost
fifty synopsis were added to the file which is has so many it would
take a long, second lifetime to develop them all. However, shopping
for a story is greatly simplified.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Sometimes
inspiration is so strong that the synopsis stretches into more than
one page. During a siege of writer's block during work on a novel
this past year, I turned to this file and wrote several short
stories. Another idea occurred and the synopsis stretched into a
finished story on the spot. That happens.
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Once
inspired and notes dutifully recorded, the writing process naturally
turns to development – sketching out the plot, researching details,
and giving thought to the kind of characters that will wade through
it, never losing sight of the final goal. Never mind holes,
disconnects, bridges, or any of those technical things. Begin
transferring the story from your mind to a visible form. Writing is
like creating a life-size figure out of clay. Once a supporting
skeleton is in place, the artist applies layers of clay. It looks
rough and crude, but with a blade, scraper, and hands, the features
are refined until it can look to walk off the pedestal.</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Can't
think of anything to write? If you are a writer, that is the
least of your concerns.</div>
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<br />
<span style="color: blue;">NOTE:</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">If you find these eFiles helpful, sign up to receive them automatically.</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-13456959702672127212014-11-01T13:42:00.000-07:002014-11-01T13:42:57.531-07:00Anyone for Some Red Herring?This eFile is about one of the fun things an author can do with their writing, but the topic stimulated my hunger and it became necessary to appease a hunger attack. So, before any writing commenced on this article it was off to the grocer for a can of smoked herring and crackers. Smoked oysters and anchovies on pizza are another thought for later.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Pd2EX1pcu0MbzZOqraZRvbbwKzVqA99fzs4T8OT_3hbOuOYFeRjsgCCqFTQqcZ5nHn0XYWxD0VBzFnZNIBnpat1GGJ_xqGQSnjn_3r6gSDR34rWuSTj5MOTgAXFX7plfKK0c5MH0KYA/s1600/img_5623.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Pd2EX1pcu0MbzZOqraZRvbbwKzVqA99fzs4T8OT_3hbOuOYFeRjsgCCqFTQqcZ5nHn0XYWxD0VBzFnZNIBnpat1GGJ_xqGQSnjn_3r6gSDR34rWuSTj5MOTgAXFX7plfKK0c5MH0KYA/s1600/img_5623.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a></div>
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<br />
However, that's not what this is all about. You've just been treated to a “red herring.”<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
A red herring is some irrelevant information that diverts the audience's attention from the real issue. I remember an old Charlie Chan movie where a number of people each has a motive for killing off their rich relative, and this is exploited by the writer(s). At the end they all assemble in the sitting room and Mr. Chan goes from one to the other noting their motive and reason for not being the perpetrator until coming to the one most of the audience suspected least.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiADDgb2SNQZzLXxO5_Toyivwr6ichEEUV6od1GGU22L56yZl72BhXBvq8vtK8Gj7IxKq628fqzaOpLwyeWGLA1QTNP-dKRWEV_zV9DkYcPMVVrOL2Yg4X5g8dYeHRUfeWF8taegFLR8Co/s1600/Annex+-+Oland,+Warner+(Charlie%2BChan%2Bin%2BEgypt)_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiADDgb2SNQZzLXxO5_Toyivwr6ichEEUV6od1GGU22L56yZl72BhXBvq8vtK8Gj7IxKq628fqzaOpLwyeWGLA1QTNP-dKRWEV_zV9DkYcPMVVrOL2Yg4X5g8dYeHRUfeWF8taegFLR8Co/s1600/Annex+-+Oland,+Warner+(Charlie%2BChan%2Bin%2BEgypt)_01.jpg" height="224" width="320" /></a>A red herring is a common device used in mystery and thriller stories, distracting the reader from identifying the real culprit and aiming to keep the reader guessing at the possibilities until the end, and thus keep them interested in the story<br />
<br />
This is also a favorite ploy of politicians wishing to dodge difficult questions. They do it by referring to a different issue, which of course is irrelevant, pulling attention away from the original issue under discussion. As long as the author does not abuse their audience, they love this tactic. So, how can it work? When dealing with characters, give selected players a reason or opportunity for being suspect. <br />
<br />
Characters are not the only opportunity to use this device. Setting has many variables to play with. Of course, there is the physical place, but also time – time of day, week, month. Then there is the weather. Is it hot, windy, rainy, snowy? Use multiple levels of detail.<br />
<br />
Objects are another toy/tool – those that are present and those which are missing. I had the pleasure of helping teach a criminal investigation class and set up various crime scenes. There were items of significance and things designed to mislead or stall the investigation. The students learned that some evidence was missing. For instance, the victim has yellowed fingers from smoking. There is an ash tray, but no butts or ashes. There are peanut shells in the kitchen garbage, but the victim wears a warning on his wrist about a nut allergy. That may be significant or not as the victim likes to bake.<br />
<br />
The more ways a reader can interpret a specific item, the more likely they will make a wrong assumption, and that's exactly what the author wants to happen.<br />
<br />
However, a word of caution. Too many red herrings can frustrate the reader. And never, ever lie to your reader.<br />
<br />
This discussion has focused on the mystery genre, but red herrings are successfully used in other genre. There are usually fewer of them with a different purpose. Instead of teasing the reader to incorrectly guess what has happened, the purpose is to have them guess what might or will happen, especially if the reader is privy to information the protagonist does not have. They will begin to speculate how that person will react when the surprise is sprung.<br />
<br />
In a pirate novel series, the protagonist and antagonist literally cross swords. The antagonist is defeated, humiliated, and vanquished. Several years later, the hero is away helping a friend defeat a different villain. Unbeknownst to him the old enemy is now governor of the island where he lives. Being a prominent citizen and the island small, a meeting is unavoidable.<br />
<br />
In another story, a young boy's parents are murdered by the father's brother, a major crime boss, so to acquire valuable property. The boy is to meet with an accident to complete the plan. The uncle is relentless, sending his most trusted henchman to find and finish the job, but time and again, the boy escapes, often leaving the reader with the impression this is one very lucky lad. In the end, his uncle is broken by the police, but freed on a technicality. In the final scene, the vindictive uncle orders his henchman to finish the job and see the boy dead. Now, we learn how the boy has been so lucky. The henchman once loved the boy's mother, but would not marry her because of his career, instead seeing that his best friend marry her. He was best man at the wedding and godfather to the boy that could have been his son. All along he secretly orchestrated the boy's escapes from death, and in his last move to protect him, eliminates the last threat to his life. All along the way the use of red herrings diverted attention away from the godfather as being one of the boy's “guardian angels.”<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-0Wl2ems5YVcdwZNBLNTloGahheAqv1hFd_Vagq94yueJJDhC14C1xMiHb0s6C7jol4DDurh4WZpGHX4tsonpLwLIQnfhilbdcqUgSu7VtVfc1RqDWFP8Ffg_N1UFi5VlExG683TKg0o/s1600/agatha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-0Wl2ems5YVcdwZNBLNTloGahheAqv1hFd_Vagq94yueJJDhC14C1xMiHb0s6C7jol4DDurh4WZpGHX4tsonpLwLIQnfhilbdcqUgSu7VtVfc1RqDWFP8Ffg_N1UFi5VlExG683TKg0o/s1600/agatha.jpg" height="251" width="320" /></a></div>
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When reading stories, watch to see if the author introduces any red herrings to divert attention from what is actually happening or will happen. If you like puzzle mysteries take a look at a master of the art, Agatha Christie, and see how she drops clues throughout the story, or go to YouTube and watch some Charlie Chan. Examples are all around and should become obvious as you are now aware of the technique.<br />
<br />
Which are good clues and which are not?<br />
<br />
How can you use red herrings in your story?Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-87000194809258610452014-10-24T13:11:00.003-07:002014-10-24T13:11:48.789-07:00EXTRA - Book Review - Titanium Texicans
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<span style="font-size: large;"> <i><span style="font-size: small;">I enjoy taking time away from writing to see what other authors are doing, and when stumbling across a good read, it's only right to share.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Alan Black, <i>Titanium Texicans</i></span>, (2014) </div>
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Kindle Books</div>
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(ISBN
978-1500639181)</div>
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Science Fiction author, Alan Black, has
done another credible job spinning a Young Adult tale in outer space,
Titanium Texicans (2014). However, don't let that last phrase, “outer
space,” be a turn-off. This is not a story with weird creatures and
fantastic places with unpronounceable names. This is a solid story of
a mid-teen's coming of age in short two years.</div>
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There are certain elements that
successful Young Adult stores contain: an orphan who must contend
with an adult world, and an antagonist who gets in the way (in this
case two on different power trips). The protagonist must overcome
challenges to achieve a goal, meet, lose, and win a girl, and somehow
come out on top. Titanium Texicans certainly delivers.</div>
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In addition, Alan Black has chosen to
tell this tale using two ethnic groups of earth people seldom heard
from, the Scots and Texicans. If an author doesn't understand these
two cultures, the story will fall flat on it's proverbial face.
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Texicans are a very diverse ethnic
group. The first immigrants to the area we now call Texas were from
Spain (not Mexico) who began arriving in the 1600's. They were joined
by a massive immigration of Europeans in the 1700's. These people
joined together to defeat the Mexican army in an 18-minute battle to
win independence from Mexico in 1836 before joining the United
States. My youngest son's very best friend's ancestors settled in now
southern Texas in the late 1600's. His dad, a good friend, speaks
Spanish (not Mexican), and Johnny struggles with the language having
grown up in northern Nevada. Over the centuries the Spanish arm of
Texicans has become increasingly mis-labeled as Mexicans. Mr. Black
skates close to this trap without falling into that pit.</div>
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The other group, the Scots, he has
pretty well nailed. These hardworking, industrious folk are clannish.
(No pun intended). They are a proud, close-knit, tight-lipped,
independent, suspicious of government, education-oriented people, and
in no way related to the English. My own paternal line traces back to
when the Celts migrated from central and southern Europe. My maternal
side is German Celts who didn't migrate. I know these people. I grew
up with these attitudes. Mr. Black seems to understand them and
depicts these traits nicely through his protagonist, Tasso Menzies.</div>
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Tasso is orphaned, betrayed by an
uncle, has serious anger issues, and consigned to a family-oriented,
Spanish Texicans space-freighter of humongous dimensions. In the next
two, rocky years he overcomes personal problems because of his
Scottish upbringing and the gentle caring of most of the crew. While
his goal is to return to reclaim a starvation farm, fate sets his
feet on a much different path.</div>
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For this reader, Titanium Texicans
became one of those enjoyable, hard-to-put-down reads well worth the
time.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-40274978930959365882014-10-16T01:20:00.002-07:002014-10-16T01:20:36.423-07:00Preparation – The Click of a Mouse<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Fifty-five years ago I began serious writing using a pencil and then a Royal typewriter. There were other essential tools, too; a dictionary, thesaurus, and encyclopedia. There is (and always has been) a bookshelf within easy reach. Looking there as this is written I see my original Webster's New World Dictionary © 1955 and Roget's Thesaurus in Dictionary Form © 1961. Companion references regarding the art of writing fill much of that shelf. Above that are two shelves of historical and scientific references mostly from a lifetime of study in history and archaeology – things that are not available online.<br /><br />When a writer's imagination is sparked, the first thing that should occur is jotting down an outline or synopsis of what the story is about, giving it a beginning and and end. That in turn suggests what research is necessary.<br /><br />Several years ago I penned a story that involved the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. The Jemez Mountains west of Sante Fe became the local. The Internet has become the Library of Alexandria in our time and provided a wealth of information about this area in the form of text and pictures. There was also some about the Pueblo people. As in all good references there will be a bibliography at the end pointing to other sources, but I felt the need to visit the area to drive/walk the land and speak/observe people. Of particular importance was their religion. Problem! Much of their practices are considered sacred and they simply DO NOT discuss it.<br /><br />Not discouraged, I returned to the Internet (and thank you Google for digitalizing books written in the mid to late 1800's) which provided insight into what I wanted. No, there wasn't the detail I wanted, but coupled with a background in archaeology and religion and noticing some correlations, I indulged in speculation and a bit of fantasy to produce a story with a realistic ring. (Perhaps too realistic because a couple of contacts in New Mexico wanted to know how I found out what went on in the kivas.)<br /><br />However, a writer should be careful about inundating the reader with too much fact. Present enough to give an authentic flavor. In preparing a series on piracy in the early 1600's, this was not the swashbuckling idiocy of Jack Sparrow, walk the plank, and “avast there.” It was a whole lot more interesting. Columbus came to the New World and introduced slavery, disease, and decimation of the native populace. There were two types of natives – one would embrace you as a friend and invite you TO dinner, while the other cut to the quick and have you FOR dinner. Pirates were ruthless, yet there was a human. Historical events in Europe and the New World occurred to effect and encourage events in the setting (the Caribbean Islands). Sailing in a 100-foot, leaky boat was not a pleasure cruise. What a wonderful palette with which to work. <br /><br />As an example, I became peripherally involved in the research for James A. Michener's tale, <u>Centennial</u> (1974). Here's a description as found online:<br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org /w/index.php?title=Centennial_(novel)&oldid=621515363). </span> <br />
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<br /><i>“<b>Centennial </b>is a novel by American author James A. Michener, published in 1974.</i><br />
<br />
<i> </i><i>“Centennial traces the history of the plains of northeast Colorado
from prehistory until the early 1970s. Geographic details about the
fictional town of Centennial and its surroundings indicate that the
region is in modern-day Weld County. Since the novel was written, the
Denver suburb of Centennial has been incorporated, although its location
in Arapahoe County is far from Michener's fictional town of the same
name. Much of his book was based on the Weld County town of Greeley.</i><br />
<i><br />“Many episodes in the book are loosely based on actual historical events in eastern Colorado and southeast Wyoming, which for novelistic reasons are brought to a single locale. For example, "The Massacre" is based on the Sand Creek Massacre which took place in Kiowa County, Colorado in 1864. Other parts of the book are loosely based on a family from Sterling in Logan County.”</i><br /><br />Don't think for a minute that the research for this novel was done overnight or entirely by Mr. Michener. However, there are very important things to note about what and how he used the research which is a good example of how to pull things together within the framework of a story.<br /><br />The beauty about writing today is that it's all there – literally at our fingertips – as we write: our research notes, dictionary, thesaurus, references. If more detail about a person, place, or thing seems necessary as we write it is simple to make a note and research it later or switch to another working window, quickly look it up or reach to the bookshelf for the printed reference. (Yes, that is contrary to what others will say, but if you have the ability to hold the current story thought or have good notes/outline, go for it. More than once I have had an “Oh, really?” moment and immediately changed directions thus saving a lot of re-writing later.) Of course, if the information does not seem available, perhaps it's time to take a “vacation.”<br />
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<br /><br /><br /><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-86409266040875346362014-10-01T18:44:00.001-07:002014-10-01T18:44:39.599-07:00Method Acting and Writing<div class="_5pbx userContent" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="js_169">
Recently a niece who is a developing author and artists posted this on FaceBook:<br />
<br />
<i>"Writing
this novel is an interesting adventure. I'm getting to know these
characters as they grow and change. Today as I was writing a particular
scene I felt like I was there like I was feeling everything. It's a
strange surreal thing. I wonder if that's how actors feel when they are
really into a scene."</i><br />
<br />
Pumping my fist and shouting, "YES!" I could not have been happier for her. Like many folks trying their hand at writing, she has not really had much writing instruction, but she is working at it, and this is a great discovery. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicbl_VeCmry0C7ovXpNmdxLxC4ym2jkf4RCsKrAtElmydxGKwvYlX6Hbn2lxqZBh3MKXaSqsr-4Xnesv7JXSVLuPha6DDq897kogD19erNIeIaiA7_4HqAkShFRQAjWVbdfFseY6IF-_A/s1600/Meryl-Streep2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicbl_VeCmry0C7ovXpNmdxLxC4ym2jkf4RCsKrAtElmydxGKwvYlX6Hbn2lxqZBh3MKXaSqsr-4Xnesv7JXSVLuPha6DDq897kogD19erNIeIaiA7_4HqAkShFRQAjWVbdfFseY6IF-_A/s1600/Meryl-Streep2.jpg" height="200" width="147" /></a>In the dramatic arts there is a style called "Method Acting," which seems to be going out of vogue. This technique is where actors and actresses absorb the thoughts and feelings and apply personal experiences to develop life-like performances. We are talking "A-list" performers here: Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift, James Dean, Rod Steigher, Sean Penn, Meryl Streep, Johnny Depp -- the impressive list goes on as does the memory of their works.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7-1X3_iKSwvuYp-ExdXbsylWj-8CQU8pCzW6Oo7kazpeoxEZUI-uWvy2wNTCSd58URjuI3MVGS4h1MHq5BLnnbVgWhboIp61zm6-jm_Eqa6fSzel-89TfhsdQlOFkNlNER_MH1lgiOM8/s1600/depp2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7-1X3_iKSwvuYp-ExdXbsylWj-8CQU8pCzW6Oo7kazpeoxEZUI-uWvy2wNTCSd58URjuI3MVGS4h1MHq5BLnnbVgWhboIp61zm6-jm_Eqa6fSzel-89TfhsdQlOFkNlNER_MH1lgiOM8/s1600/depp2.jpg" height="200" width="135" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvv8dEnYDiDXpRazRl-J88it6K-ecPqL_8nAGMCDhMzXzCUPq-dR-RyY-PJ3t8bnNmo7fEG-YrsoM6eCxWTFnwUore4cyvykaM23C3O2c3vWIENkvYOJPh9yOu7ZymZbvZLhy4nG9Mgps/s1600/Lincoln2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvv8dEnYDiDXpRazRl-J88it6K-ecPqL_8nAGMCDhMzXzCUPq-dR-RyY-PJ3t8bnNmo7fEG-YrsoM6eCxWTFnwUore4cyvykaM23C3O2c3vWIENkvYOJPh9yOu7ZymZbvZLhy4nG9Mgps/s1600/Lincoln2.jpeg" /></a>As a recent example, Daniel Day-Lewis is said to have spent a full year reading and thinking about nothing else except Abraham Lincoln as preparation for Steven Speilberg's, "Lincoln." When he stepped before the cameras he was no longer Daniel Day-Lewis. He WAS Lincoln. <br />
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Acting and writing have at their core -- telling a story. It's hard to exaggerate the impact of Method Acting. It has given us a legacy full of good works, but above all it gave us sincerity and emotional truth. And therein tells the success of a writer's work. The reply to my niece's observation was:<br />
<br />
<i>"If
the character feels pain, so do you. If they laugh, you laugh. If they
cry, you cry. You must feel what every character feels or the writing
becomes flat. You created these folk and just because you've put them
out for everyone to see doesn't mean they leave you. They are you."</i><br />
<br />
Our desire as writers is to draw the reader into the story and there are techniques to get them interested, but at the heart, we want the reader (and they want this, too) to become a part of the story. Writers should describe the feelings and emotions of a scene so that the reader applies their feelings and and emotions.<br />
<br />
It is not unusual that as I write a scene to find myself emotionally involved. If anyone were to be looking over my shoulder, they might think I've lost it.<br />
<br />
In one novel my young protagonist is an orphan (his father is dead and mother is gallivanting around the world as part of her tourist business). He lives with an aunt whom he adores. One day he finds her dead. Shock, denial, fear of the future; he can't cry until a surrogate father sits with him before the funeral. Peers taught this young man that men don't cry until he sees this man, "the strongest man he knew," begin to cry. (My apologies, but that scene was so emotionally powerful it still affects me.) As the adventure progresses he experiences a lot of feelings -- joy, wonder, fear, bravado, and love.<br />
<br />
Now, there is a sizeable difference in ages between this author and my niece, almost fifty years, so my reservoir of experiences is much greater, but even in twenty-plus years she has experiences on which to draw and flesh out characters. So, if a character is angry, pull out the anger as you've experienced it. If they are frustrated and cry, you cry. If they are exuberant, you laugh. Why? Because that character is you. It doesn't matter what part they play.<br />
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I suppose you can call this Method Writing. </div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-85621296826304520402014-09-15T17:38:00.001-07:002014-09-15T17:38:16.992-07:00B I C
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Most of the discussions in this eFile
have focused on the techniques of writing, so let's break away for a
bit to discuss taking a story from within the wrinkles of your brain
and putting it out for all the world to enjoy. That only happens when
you apply your bottom to the seat of a chair and write, or as
Katherine Paterson, author of <em>Bridge to Terabithia, </em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">coined,
</span></em>“BIC” for “butt in chair.”
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A story starts with an idea,
formulating a goal, writing a synopsis, create some form of an
outline to achieve the goal, and then applying the who did what,
when, where, how, and why. Now, comes BIC time. Don't be concerned
about applying all the techniques, just get the story out and
visible. Don't stop to correct sentence structure, or even spelling,
or do anything that will get in the way of the story. Just hammer the
keyboard or wear down a pencil. Only when you reach what you think is
the conclusion do you go back and start the first edit correcting and
adding those things necessary to making it readable and believable.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqcCjVHV5NCTMhCv4tB2MKAiuLS3Ddf_qBT4ilFYWvUTkJ0Qn0TX70EO4oNESjF0BhgQVT1QjZQhkpGutX12zyyESc_JyNSWo_lFpfjrito6bs6wb9C7id-yjhd04gqJmWjPPIIb6NAVk/s1600/63396_Law_Ruled_Canary_Letter_3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqcCjVHV5NCTMhCv4tB2MKAiuLS3Ddf_qBT4ilFYWvUTkJ0Qn0TX70EO4oNESjF0BhgQVT1QjZQhkpGutX12zyyESc_JyNSWo_lFpfjrito6bs6wb9C7id-yjhd04gqJmWjPPIIb6NAVk/s1600/63396_Law_Ruled_Canary_Letter_3.jpg" height="320" width="241" /></a>When taking law classes years ago I was
introduced to the “law ruled legal pad,” the best </div>
thing since
cake icing. The little, narrow column on the left side of the popular
legal pad is replaced by a three-inch-wide column.
<br />
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Taking lecture notes in outline form in
the main body, this wide area on the left allowed for comments.
Applying that to writing, the story outline or even the story itself
is in the main section with notes, references, reminders, concerns,
whatever in the left. Of course, with rare exceptions, our stories
are done with a word processor. So? Whether using LibreOffice,
Microsoft Word or some other word processor with the capability there
is the opportunity to add important information in the margin.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDYvlD_nGM5NPiY-k9XpH8i4sc1RV7bhH1uV7gZN3AWo5tVrXkjxmWvkhHzdiv7As1kTBfO_nVtFri1-HK2oYZnrZW7O5K42KloSKDb_Mb6Fl2Xw1Klz00p1MuDcLQL3suyWRFHYZfXI4/s1600/Screenshot+from+2014-09-15+16:24:15.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDYvlD_nGM5NPiY-k9XpH8i4sc1RV7bhH1uV7gZN3AWo5tVrXkjxmWvkhHzdiv7As1kTBfO_nVtFri1-HK2oYZnrZW7O5K42KloSKDb_Mb6Fl2Xw1Klz00p1MuDcLQL3suyWRFHYZfXI4/s1600/Screenshot+from+2014-09-15+16:24:15.png" height="147" width="640" /></a></div>
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The most important thing is to get the
story out into the light. Some authors are very fanatic about saying
that you must set a specific time, length, or number of words to
write. The fact is that doesn't always work. There will be
interruptions, but with planning, such annoyances can be minimized.
Schedule. Schedule. Schedule. For example, I rise early and take the
dog for a walk. While he is checking out the sage brush and rocks, it is possible
to begin thinking about that day's writing. I used to carry a pocket notebook, but current technology allows voice activated note-taking
with notepads or cell phones. Since I run a business, the next 2-3
hours are occupied handling eMails and phone calls. Writing time comes
after lunch, usually lasting no more than 2 hours at which point it's
break time where I slip out to the lounger on the patio and take a
working “nap.” This allows a mental review
of the newly-written material or planning out the next segment,
experimenting with various scenarios before returning to the
keyboard.
</div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Living in an empty nest, this works
well. When the kids were still at home, my scheduled writing time was
after they went to bed, often working until 1 or 2 a.m. Whatever your
circumstances, chose a block of time with the least interruptions and
let everyone know that you do not wish to be disturbed. After a
couple forgetful moments they will get the message.
</div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Everyone is different and have
different situations and challenges, but the key to writing is scheduling,
consistency, and drive.
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-15693268898904048382014-08-22T15:25:00.000-07:002014-08-22T15:25:38.724-07:00Snap, Crackle, Pop<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhuC2UH-QcatBI7JEa3mKc-VH6oWy6PYvrz5IFspaq4YwZ7F1dVWZHFwM7lpNSxYfah70XYcXiWCr8gW_BHG_4NETE4PKKf3AWA5ajCrNEz7fZ1sJv4XqObSDcMDeaKWamVOAwQbOFfmg/s1600/picture-717-1327404525.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhuC2UH-QcatBI7JEa3mKc-VH6oWy6PYvrz5IFspaq4YwZ7F1dVWZHFwM7lpNSxYfah70XYcXiWCr8gW_BHG_4NETE4PKKf3AWA5ajCrNEz7fZ1sJv4XqObSDcMDeaKWamVOAwQbOFfmg/s1600/picture-717-1327404525.jpg" height="176" width="200" /> </a></div>
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In this eFile and other writings, time
has been spent discussing the importance of the beginning, in
particular, the first paragraph, the first page, and the first 10% of the
story. What has not been considered is THE END.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
During initial story development it
is important for the protagonist and antagonist to have goals. That
applies to the story as well, so while laying out the outline,
details, and notes, a couple important questions to answer are:</div>
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</div>
<ol>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What are the main characters'
goals?</div>
</li>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
What is the story's goal?</div>
</li>
</ol>
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The entire story answers the Who, When,
Where, How, and Why. Then, as the very first paragraph starts
everything rolling, the very last paragraph ends the journey, but it
needs to be as special as the first to leave the reader satisfied.
This would be the “clincher,” a memorable
closing, something that leaves an impression upon the reader and say
succinctly what has been discussed during the preceding pages.</div>
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In Rudyard Kipling's
“Rikki-Tikki-Tavi,” a pet mongoose saves his human child,
Teddy, from a cobra. Kipling's clincher was the mongoose's soliloquy,
“Oh, it's you,” said he. (Referring the appearance of Teddy's
parents.) “What are you bothering for? All the cobras are dead; and
if they weren't I'm here.”</div>
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Rod Serling's “Twilight Zone” TV
series used the works of many writers whose stories are memorable
because of the ending. One story was “To Serve Man.” Aliens come
to earth and help eradicate disease and hunger. This benevolent act
is uncovered in the very last minute of the story – the book the
aliens dropped, “To Serve Man,” is a cook book.</div>
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In the short story, “Mariann and the
Snake,” a teenage girl has a dream of something terrible coming out
of her bedroom closet during the night. Sure enough, a mouse appears
and sets the household in an uproar. The next night, another mouse
appears, this time followed by a deadly snake. Everyone evacuates
safely as the dad stands guard so the snake can not invade the rest
of the house. Huddled on the neighbor's yard across the street, a
policeman comes to inform them that they can't find the snake. (From
“Stories for a Sleepless Night.”)
</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
This final shot to impress the reader
is in addition to closure, or letting the reader know what happened
to the main characters and some of the supporting ones as well. In
the final scene of the “Harry Potter” series, we discover that
Harry has married Ron's sister, Ginny, and Ron has married Hermione.
They have children that are now on the way to Hogwarts. Even Draco
Malfoy has a family and seems to be on nodding terms with Harry; a
powerful message about change and forgiveness in that very brief
encounter.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Start with a snap. Carry on with a crackle. End with a pop.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRwVWK-FJ5nZaYncfPnxF5P4vxnBkdxTjvquyCDhg2dZbJ8pmNue1vHhFiP0bOQ77IUYycTxY4D2PHNBT_rAa2mX6yCBc1LjC-VNGQjKrlowDT2rv0nEgz8wHgBPDLAgUzvwPUeW86U7w/s1600/Firecracker_And_Mouse.png.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRwVWK-FJ5nZaYncfPnxF5P4vxnBkdxTjvquyCDhg2dZbJ8pmNue1vHhFiP0bOQ77IUYycTxY4D2PHNBT_rAa2mX6yCBc1LjC-VNGQjKrlowDT2rv0nEgz8wHgBPDLAgUzvwPUeW86U7w/s1600/Firecracker_And_Mouse.png.jpeg" height="200" width="200" /></a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-9624698395171537802014-08-09T20:15:00.000-07:002014-08-22T15:36:29.965-07:00EXTRA - Publisher Battle; Amazon View<table cellpadding="0" class="cf gJ"><tbody>
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<span class="gD" name="Kindle Direct Publishing"><span style="font-weight: normal;">NOTE: </span></span></h3>
<h3 class="iw">
<span class="gD" name="Kindle Direct Publishing"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Amazon and Hatchette are at each other's throat. This letter is Amazon/Kindle's point of view. Despite the "Dear KDP Author," I only have one book listed, enjoying better success with Smashwords. -SPO</span></span></h3>
<h3 class="iw" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="gD" name="Kindle Direct Publishing">* * * </span></h3>
<h3 class="iw">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">9 August 2014</span></h3>
<h3 class="iw">
Kindle Direct Publishing </h3>
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Dear KDP Author,<br />
<br />
Just ahead of World War II, there was a radical invention that shook the
foundations of book publishing. It was the paperback book. This was a
time when movie tickets cost 10 or 20 cents, and books cost $2.50. The
new paperback cost 25 cents – it was ten times cheaper. Readers loved
the paperback and millions of copies were sold in just the first year.<br />
<br />
With it being so inexpensive and with so many more people able to afford
to buy and read books, you would think the literary establishment of
the day would have celebrated the invention of the paperback, yes? Nope.
Instead, they dug in and circled the wagons. They believed low cost
paperbacks would destroy literary culture and harm the industry (not to
mention their own bank accounts). Many bookstores refused to stock them,
and the early paperback publishers had to use unconventional methods of
distribution – places like newsstands and drugstores. The famous author
George Orwell came out publicly and said about the new paperback
format, if “publishers had any sense, they would combine against them
and suppress them.” Yes, George Orwell was suggesting collusion.<br />
<br />
Well… history doesn’t repeat itself, but it does rhyme.<br />
<br />
Fast forward to today, and it’s the e-book’s turn to be opposed by the
literary establishment. Amazon and Hachette – a big US publisher and
part of a $10 billion media conglomerate – are in the middle of a
business dispute about e-books. We want lower e-book prices. Hachette
does not. Many e-books are being released at $14.99 and even $19.99.
That is unjustifiably high for an e-book. With an e-book, there’s no
printing, no over-printing, no need to forecast, no returns, no lost
sales due to out of stock, no warehousing costs, no transportation
costs, and there is no secondary market – e-books cannot be resold as
used books. E-books can and should be less expensive.<br />
<br />
Perhaps channeling Orwell’s decades old suggestion, Hachette has already
been caught illegally colluding with its competitors to raise e-book
prices. So far those parties have paid $166 million in penalties and
restitution. Colluding with its competitors to raise prices wasn’t only
illegal, it was also highly disrespectful to Hachette’s readers.<br />
<br />
The fact is many established incumbents in the industry have taken the
position that lower e-book prices will “devalue books” and hurt “Arts
and Letters.” They’re wrong. Just as paperbacks did not destroy book
culture despite being ten times cheaper, neither will e-books. On the
contrary, paperbacks ended up rejuvenating the book industry and making
it stronger. The same will happen with e-books.<br />
<br />
Many inside the echo-chamber of the industry often draw the box too
small. They think books only compete against books. But in reality,
books compete against mobile games, television, movies, Facebook, blogs,
free news sites and more. If we want a healthy reading culture, we have
to work hard to be sure books actually are competitive against these
other media types, and a big part of that is working hard to make books
less expensive.<br />
<br />
Moreover, e-books are highly price elastic. This means that when the
price goes down, customers buy much more. We've quantified the price
elasticity of e-books from repeated measurements across many titles. For
every copy an e-book would sell at $14.99, it would sell 1.74 copies if
priced at $9.99. So, for example, if customers would buy 100,000 copies
of a particular e-book at $14.99, then customers would buy 174,000
copies of that same e-book at $9.99. Total revenue at $14.99 would be
$1,499,000. Total revenue at $9.99 is $1,738,000. The important thing to
note here is that the lower price is good for all parties involved: the
customer is paying 33% less and the author is getting a royalty check
16% larger and being read by an audience that’s 74% larger. The pie is
simply bigger.<br />
<br />
But when a thing has been done a certain way for a long time, resisting
change can be a reflexive instinct, and the powerful interests of the
status quo are hard to move. It was never in George Orwell’s interest to
suppress paperback books – he was wrong about that.<br />
<br />
And despite what some would have you believe, authors are not united on
this issue. When the Authors Guild recently wrote on this, they titled
their post: “Amazon-Hachette Debate Yields Diverse Opinions Among
Authors” (the comments to this post are worth a read). A petition
started by another group of authors and aimed at Hachette, titled “Stop
Fighting Low Prices and Fair Wages,” garnered over 7,600 signatures.
And there are myriad articles and posts, by authors and readers alike,
supporting us in our effort to keep prices low and build a healthy
reading culture. Author David Gaughran’s recent interview is another
piece worth reading.<br />
<br />
We recognize that writers reasonably want to be left out of a dispute
between large companies. Some have suggested that we “just talk.” We
tried that. Hachette spent three months stonewalling and only grudgingly
began to even acknowledge our concerns when we took action to reduce
sales of their titles in our store. Since then Amazon has made three
separate offers to Hachette to take authors out of the middle. We first
suggested that we (Amazon and Hachette) jointly make author royalties
whole during the term of the dispute. Then we suggested that authors
receive 100% of all sales of their titles until this dispute is
resolved. Then we suggested that we would return to normal business
operations if Amazon and Hachette’s normal share of revenue went to a
literacy charity. But Hachette, and their parent company Lagardere, have
quickly and repeatedly dismissed these offers even though e-books
represent 1% of their revenues and they could easily agree to do so.
They believe they get leverage from keeping their authors in the middle.<br />
<br />
We will never give up our fight for reasonable e-book prices. We know
making books more affordable is good for book culture. We’d like your
help. Please email Hachette and copy us.<br />
<br />
Hachette CEO, Michael Pietsch: <a href="mailto:Michael.Pietsch@hbgusa.com">Michael.Pietsch@hbgusa.com</a><br />
<br />
Copy us at: <a href="mailto:readers-united@amazon.com">readers-united@amazon.com</a><br />
<br />
Please consider including these points:<br />
<br />
- We have noted your illegal collusion. Please stop working so hard to
overcharge for ebooks. They can and should be less expensive.<br />
- Lowering e-book prices will help – not hurt – the reading culture, just like paperbacks did.<br />
- Stop using your authors as leverage and accept one of Amazon’s offers to take them out of the middle.<br />
- Especially if you’re an author yourself: Remind them that authors are not united on this issue.<br />
<br />
Thanks for your support.<br />
<br />
The Amazon Books Team<br />
<br />
P.S. You can also find this letter at <a href="http://www.readersunited.com/" target="_blank">www.readersunited.com</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-11184618422415287332014-08-03T22:58:00.000-07:002014-08-04T14:02:19.506-07:00The Most Important PartNote: <span style="font-size: x-small;">I am in the process of moving. While the best laid plans are for only a couple days without Internet service -- well you know what Murphy's Law says. This eFile is short, but to the point because of packing and trying to keep up with other commitments.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhwUOa6p8qdYW1qGNw8VTp55jjElzpI2y1FsjIihKIyBBMk_9foRekF3Q_dMICdkCbRqu0PEclocDixGf5e9fNfaeL0xTxJFY3mG-BYT5rvN3-n35KcVIBEgrDit8M-TuLrIJhgKFJORM/s1600/Screenshot+from+2014-08-03+22:24:03.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhwUOa6p8qdYW1qGNw8VTp55jjElzpI2y1FsjIihKIyBBMk_9foRekF3Q_dMICdkCbRqu0PEclocDixGf5e9fNfaeL0xTxJFY3mG-BYT5rvN3-n35KcVIBEgrDit8M-TuLrIJhgKFJORM/s1600/Screenshot+from+2014-08-03+22:24:03.png" height="320" width="202" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A clip from Amazon's book collection</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">With the hundreds of thousands of books published each year, how is a buyer to know if this book is something of interest or written worthy of being read? In a block and mortar bookstore one simply looks at the first page or two, more if the writing draws them deeper. Amazon and eBook distributor, Smashwords, gives this same opportunity in their online store by presenting the first 10% of the work. This is the author's most important writing.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">The first paragraph or first page at most is the hook. If it does not draw the reader into the novel, the writer better have a reputation of spinning a great tale. I personally try to hammer out the best first paragraph possible, sometimes writing up to twenty, yes twenty, versions. There are a number of good books on creative writing that address this issue as well as other eFiles. Take the time to look over the suggestions and take the time to massage the best intro.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Don't stop there. </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Next is that 10%. Your story <b>must</b> continue strong to keep the reader going, and that's where a lot of what has already been presented in this series of eFiles comes into play. </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17753601462999153940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130410923924244535.post-48113562129813089762014-07-20T23:29:00.002-07:002014-07-20T23:34:55.848-07:00TAG<style type="text/css">P { margin-bottom: 0.08in; }</style>
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<br /></div>
There are ways to make a character
memorable to the reader. Now, some will tell you to limit the number
of characters to avoid having the reader become lost, but I have yet
to figure out how to manage that when writing about the crew of a
pirate ship representing many nationalities. The problem is how does
a writer re-introduce a particular character several chapters after
the initial entry? A useful device is a tag.
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
Tags are integral in the computing
world to quickly find bits of information salted away in a gigantic
reservoir of data. Some characters may appear only a few times, but
the most minor characters need something to make them memorable as
they come and go. Using a tag or two is a way to quickly identify a
them to the reader.<br />
<br />
Tags may be drawn from any aspect of the character’s appearance
or behavior such as:<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>V</b><b>oice</b> – The pirate,
Hogshead Shaver, has a voice like a heavy log drawn across gravel and
a limp from an old wound, the pain causing him to be perpetually
cranky. When he appears it is not always necessary to identify him by
name. “As Fran<span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">ç</span>ois stood
glaring at the stowaways, he heard a heavy thump of someone climbing
the stairs behind him.” Without saying any more, the reader will
think, “Oh, oh, here comes trouble.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>P</b><b>hysical </b><b>F</b><b>eatures</b>
– Seaman Warden has a weasel face with an Adam’s apple that moves
up and down especially when nervous. Several chapters later, “
Fran<span style="font-family: Droid Serif, serif;">ç</span>ois stared at Warden
whose Adam’s apple twitched as he attempted to formulate a lie.”
The reader will automatically say, “Oh, yeah. Weasel face.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Physical Abilities</b> – Jeremiah
is a mid-teen on his first, real sea voyage. He knows nothing about a
ship, referring to the bowsprit as “That pointy thing on the front
of the boat.” He is faithful, and willing, and proves that his blue
eyes are extra keen which allows him to spend time aloft in the
crow's nest. As he says, “It doesn’t smell like below decks.”
He also has a cast iron stomach to handle the ship's motion.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<b>D</b><b>ialect </b><b>or</b><b>
</b><b>S</b><b>peech </b><b>M</b><b>annerisms</b> – English
soldier, Lt. Harmond, has all the makings of someone Maggie, a woman
pirate, would seriously consider sharing a bed with until he opens
his mouth and in a snooty, childish-pitch, says, “Humph,” a sound
he uses frequently. Toward the end of the story he is not identified
by name, but by the use of “Humph,” when speaking, first when
among the English conspirators and just before meeting an untimely
and unpleasant demise the reader will know who got his just reward.</div>
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<b>Hair</b> – Cochran is a blond
Irishman with a freckled complexion susceptible to sunburn and wears
more clothes than most of the crew, so few are aware of the nasty
scar on his left shoulder. He is jovial sort and an inveterate story
teller through which he teaches valuable lessons.</div>
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<b>G</b><b>estures</b> – Seaman
Stag swipes his constantly running nose.</div>
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<b>S</b><b>cent</b> – Seaman Filbert
smells as if he'd been bathing in the bilge despite having been
tossed overboard with a bar of soap when the ship was becalmed.</div>
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There is an endless laundry list of
quirks and mannerisms available that can become tags and add reality
to your characters, but be careful about using too many for one
character and distracting from the main character. Just one or two
tags, little mnemonic devices to help our readers keep the actors
straight as they pop in and out.
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A great place to find ideas is of
course, the movies, specifically looking at the body of work of some
of great character actors such as:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMYixsfhvffGzNk7FqIk9ZDWadFdCTJjzN0eFBtmYTDo4OmQJnaxbt13OB8rkPfP_CODZL9d3af8D7pmKEMr_pRPxSJeht38mDNLbcaBQB3dcDagKhNA1X2tqgZVPaTu8tqda_hxlxni4/s1600/Kruge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMYixsfhvffGzNk7FqIk9ZDWadFdCTJjzN0eFBtmYTDo4OmQJnaxbt13OB8rkPfP_CODZL9d3af8D7pmKEMr_pRPxSJeht38mDNLbcaBQB3dcDagKhNA1X2tqgZVPaTu8tqda_hxlxni4/s1600/Kruge.jpg" height="200" width="184" /></a> </div>
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Christopher Lloyd</div>
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and <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlM6qdszyDJBABATVxTpjsMru1uxlJDiBNoKisR82A_VY1HQXdFAyHxTUf9JF13kuM94eiffOV7bemNfxqBIthtZ5ZLglcmlxI8R4OBgYVVm-Rw4oEGBezmOiZWf7rh39dIFXtKT6QR_0/s1600/Christopher-Lloyd-as-Doc-Brown.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlM6qdszyDJBABATVxTpjsMru1uxlJDiBNoKisR82A_VY1HQXdFAyHxTUf9JF13kuM94eiffOV7bemNfxqBIthtZ5ZLglcmlxI8R4OBgYVVm-Rw4oEGBezmOiZWf7rh39dIFXtKT6QR_0/s1600/Christopher-Lloyd-as-Doc-Brown.jpg" height="200" width="200" /></a></div>
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Johnny Depp </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyLFcHckvRPgLYmM2of2pANt0quBfL_bZFdQxpmgNTnqha7AwofpmHyStPsLOnPtHS-fX7_HksMkKK1ccGrebaiiyzJu5YWpNwgtUx5QMT5IMOmALtJtdcVsvQzlozcE-RUB7Ig0nMREY/s1600/john2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyLFcHckvRPgLYmM2of2pANt0quBfL_bZFdQxpmgNTnqha7AwofpmHyStPsLOnPtHS-fX7_HksMkKK1ccGrebaiiyzJu5YWpNwgtUx5QMT5IMOmALtJtdcVsvQzlozcE-RUB7Ig0nMREY/s1600/john2.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
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NOTE: <span style="font-size: x-small;">This eFile normally appears on the 1st and 15th of the month (or reasonably close), however until mid-September don't be surprised if it is late as much of my writing time is being taken by getting our new home ready to occupy. </span></div>
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